Marine Biology - Final Study Guide

Marine Mammals

Marine Mammals

Animals with lungs, hair, and mammary glands

Sea Turtles Characteristics

Come to land only to lay eggs, need to breathe air occasionally

Walruses Diet

Feed on clams

Toothed Whales Examples

Sperm whale

Marine Mammals with Blubber

Killer Whales, Seals, Manatees

Blubber Functions

Insulation, buoyancy, protection

Baleen Whales Characteristics

Flukes, dorsal fin, ear opening, baleen plates

Dolphins Deep Diving Adaptation

Collapsing their lungs

Breaching

Jumping above the surface

Cetaceans and Their Penis

Internal until just before copulation

Longest Migration Marine Mammal

Gray whale

Temperature Sex Determination Examples

Sea turtles

Walrus Tusks Use

Defense, holding onto ice

Smallest and Largest Marine Mammal

Sea otter

Whales with Long Tusk Examples

Narwhal

Reef-Building Coral Classification

Hermatypic, hard coral

Planula Definition

Coral larvae

Primary Requirement for Reef Development

Hard substrate presence

Most Important Organism for Reef Development

Coralline-algae

Most Common Reef Type

Fringing

Fringing Reef Life Location

Reef slope

Fringing and Barrier Reefs Development

Along the coast

Atolls Location

Indo-West Pacific region

Atolls Start as

Fringing reef

Giant Clams Size Secret

Contain zooxanthellae

Traditional Fisheries Definition

Use simple gear and methods

Largest Catch Fish Type

Herings, Sardines, Anchovies

Demersal Fish Definition

Harvested from the bottom

Demersal Fish Fishing Technique

Trawls

Maximum Sustainable Yield Definition

Highest catch without overfishing

Increase in Maximum Sustainable Yield Consequence

Overfishing, fish population crash

EEZ in Nautical Miles

200

Problems from Farming Salmon

Increased parasites, higher contaminants, pollution

By-Catch Definition

Junk species caught while fishing for valuable ones

Seeding in Mariculture

Releasing farmed fish to enrich natural populations

Farmed Fish Consumption Percentage in Early 2000s

10%

Open Mariculture Definition

Mariculture under natural conditions

Offshore Drilling Location

Continental shelf

Marine Catches Managed by

Transplantation, limited fishing season, boats

Fish Most Protected from Overfishing

Sea bass

Trawling Pros and Cons

Catches many fish, destroys environment, bycatch

Pollution Definition

Adding harmful substances or energy to the environment

Hepatitis Transmission from Raw Shellfish

Filter virus from sewage-contaminated water

Sludge Definition

Raw sewage

Oil Pollution Sources

Tanker and storage leaks

Biodegradable Definition

Break down by bacteria

First Affected by Oil Spills

Filter-feeding fish

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons Pollutant

Pesticides

Persistent Chemical Definition

Non-biodegradable

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Marine Environment

Thermal pollution

Abnormal Sexual Behavior Cause in Seabirds

Heavy metals

Thermal Pollution Source

Power plants

Threatened Species Definition

In immediate danger of extinction

Sustainable Development Definition

Stable, safeguards resources, wildlife growth

Importance of Artificial Reefs

Improve fishing

Oceans as Barrier to Cultures

Due to belief in a flat earth

Long Sea Voyages by Polynesians

Completed before Europeans

Age of Exploration Leader in 15th Century

Portugal

First Europeans to Land in America

Vikings

Seaborne Trade Determined by

Crude oil volume

Salmon and Killer Whales Legends Source

Pacific Northwest

Maritime Definition

Cultures evolved in marine environment

Eelgrass Use by Native Culture

Gulf of California

Hanseatic League Livelihood Fish

Herring

Isolated Cultures Economy Reliance

Fishing

Sea Bottom Land Reclamation Country

The Netherlands

Ecotourism Definition

Travel to natural areas of interest

Strait Control Guarantee

Open on both ends

Country's Territorial Sea in Nautical Miles

12

EZZ Activity Type

Oil exploration