Define marine mammals.

• They have lungs

• Hair

• mammary glands

List the characteristics of sea turtles.

• They only come to land to lay their eggs

• they need to come up occasionally to breathe air

What do walruses feed on?

Clams

Give examples of toothed whales.

• Sperm whale

List marine mammals that have blubber.

Killer Whales, Seals, and Manatees

List the functions of blubber.

Insulation (helps maintain heat), buoyancy (ability to float), protection

List the characteristics of baleen whales.

Flukes (lobes that form tail), dorsal fin, ear opening, baleen plates (the filter that allows them to eat)

How are dolphins adapted for deep diving?

Collapsing their lungs

Define breaching.

Jumping above the surface

To reduce drag, what do cetaceans do with their penis?

Internal until just before copulation

• Held in until needed for sexual intercourse

What marine mammal has the longest migration?

Gray whale

Give examples of animals with temperature sex determination.

depending on the temperature, that will indicate whether it's a boy or girl

• Sea turtles (colder male and hotter female)

What are the tusks on walruses used for?

Defense and to hold onto ice only

What is the smallest and largest marine mammal?

Sea otter

Give examples of whales with a long tusk.

Narwhal: a tusk sticking outside of its head

How are reef-building coral classified?

• Hermatypic

• Hard coral

Define planula.

• Its the name given to the coral larvae

What is a primary requirement for reef development?

• A primary requirement for coral reef development that determines where they can develop is the presence of a hard substrate

Next to coral, what is the most important organism of reef development?

• Coralline-algae

What is the most common type of reef?

• fringing

On a fringing reef, where is most life found?

• Reef slope

Where do fringing and barrier reefs develop?

• Along the coast

Where are most atolls found?

• Indo-West Pacific region

Atolls start as what type of reef?

• Fringing reef

Why are giant clams so large?

• They have zooxanthellae

Define traditional fisheries.

• Use relatively simple gear and methods

What type of fish are considered the largest catch?

• Herings

• Sardines

• Anchovies

• And other clupeoid fish

Define demersal fish.

• Are harvested from the bottom

What type of fishing technique will catch demersal fish?

• trawls

Define maximum sustainable yield.

• The highest catch that can be taken without overfishing

What can result from an increase in the maximum sustainable yield?

• Will result in overfishing and the crash of the fish population

Define EEZ in nautical miles.

• 200 nautical miles

List problems that can arise from farming salmon.

• Increased parasites in the fish

• Higher levels of contaminants in farmed fish tissue

• Pollution released into the environment

Define by-catch.

• The name given to junk species that are caught while fishing for more valuable species and are thus discarded

What is seeding in mariculture?

• Enriching natural populations by releasing fish that have been farmed for a short time

In the early 2,000’s, what percentage of farmed fish made up the total world consumption?

• 10%

Define open mariculture

• Open mariculture is the type of mariculture that takes place under more or less natural conditions with little manipulation by human

Offshore drilling occurs in what part of the ocean?

• Continental shelf

Marine catches are managed by what?

• Transplantation of artificially reared young

• Limited length of fishing season

• limited number of boats or fishermen permitted

What fish is most protected from overfishing?

• Sea bass

List the pros and cons of trawling.

• Cons:

  • destroys the environment (reefs, sea floor)

  • Get the fish you don't want (bycatch)

• Pros:

  • Catches a lot of fish

Define pollution.

• Adding substances or energy that harm the environment

• The decrease in the quality of the environment as a result of natural events

• Can be broken down by bacteria

How can people contract hepatitis from the consumption of raw shellfish?

• Filter the virus from sewage-contaminated water

Define sludge.

• Raw sewage

List the two most persistent sources of oil pollution.

• Tanker and storage leak accident

Define biodegradable.

• Can be broken down by bacteria

What marine animals will die from oil spills first?

• Filter-feeding fish

What type of pollutant contains chlorinated hydrocarbons?

• Pesticides

Define a persistent chemical.

• Non- biodegradable

How do chlorinated hydrocarbons reach the marine environment?

• Thermal pollution

What type of pollution can cause abnormal sexual behavior in seabirds?

• Heavy metals

Name the type of pollution that is responsible for thermal pollution.

• Power plants

Define a threatened species.

• In immediate danger of extinction

Define sustainable development.

• Remains stable year after year

• Safeguards natural resources for future generations of people

• Does not significantly affect the growth of wildlife

List the importance of artificial reefs.

• Improve fishing

Why do oceans serve as a barrier to cultures?

• Due to the belief in the Western world that the earth was flat

What group of people completed long sea voyages before the Europeans?

• Polynesians

In the 15th century, what country led to the Age of Exploration?

• Portugal

Which Europeans were the first to land in America?

• Vikings

In terms of total volume, seaborne trade is determined by what product?

• Crude oil

In what region do salmon and killer whales provide a source of legends?

• Pacific Northwest

Define maritime

• Maritime:

  • Cultures that have evolved in close contact with the marine environment

What native culture uses eelgrass?

• Gulf of California

The Hanseatic League of Northern Europe utilizes this fish for its livelihood.

• Herring

Some cultures in isolated areas rely on this for their economy.

• Fishing

What country has used the sea bottom for land reclamation?

• The Netherlands

Define ecotourism.

• Combines travel and visits to areas of natural interest

Control of transportation through straits is guaranteed if?

• The strait is open on both ends

  • (Strait is a narrow passage of water connecting two seas or other large areas of water)

How many nautical miles is a country’s territorial sea?

• 12

The EZZ defines nations' type of activity.

• Oil exploration

Why are sea turtle eggs reburied or baby turtles released instead of fully grown individuals?

THE ACT QUESTION:

Sea turtles have disappeared from many regions, and one way of trying to save them is to reintroduce them to areas where they have been wiped out. This is done by reburying eggs or releasing newborn baby turtles on beaches. Why are eggs reburied or baby turtles released instead of fully grown individuals?

• Eggs are reburied, and baby turtles are released instead of fully grown turtles because fully grown turtles won't know how to find their way back to that beach. When baby turtles are born and hatched on a beach, they will remember what beach they were hatched at. The beach they are hatched at will be engraved in their minds, and they will never forget how to go back there because it was the first thing they saw. Turtles usually spend their time miles away from where they were hatched, so having the beach they hatched at engraved in their mind can help them return when needed. The turtles also usually go back to the place where they were hatched to lay their eggs because they will never forget how to get there and that will allow them to check up on their eggs.

How do intensified greenhouse effects harm coral reefs?

THE ACT QUESTION:

Scientists predict that the oceans will get warmer and the sea level will rise as a result of an intensified greenhouse effect. How might this affect coral reefs?

• This affects coral reefs because of the Greenhouse effect. It raises temperatures which causes coral bleeding events. It increases carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere, leading to ocean acidification, and weakening coral skeletons. Also, extreme weather events like hurricanes and storms become more frequent which damages coral skeletons.

Be sure that you are familiar with the video “Norwegian Salmon – The Most Toxic Food on our Planet”.

THE ACT QUESTION:

Describe the process that was viewed in the documentary and present an opinion on the processed that were viewed. Please back up your opinion with information that you took away from the film.

• The process begins as they put chemicals into the water in order to obtain more fish quicker. This will then lead to the chemicals being inside the fish. After they have gotten all the fish they sell it and when the people eat it they get sick because of the chemicals they used to make the fish grow quicker.

Wastes rich in nitrates and phosphates pollute the water. How can this affect the commercially valuable shellfish business?

THE ACT QUESTION:

Wastes from duck farms used to wash into two shallow water bays on Long Island, New York. The wastes, rich in nutrients such as nitrate and phosphate, polluted the water. What do you suppose was the immediate effect of the pollutants? Can you speculate on the likely effects on the commercially valuable shellfish in the area?

• The waste from the ducks will pollute the water and that will lead to shellfish being poisoned. This will effect the area economically because when they sell the shellfish people will be poisoned and it will lead to people not wanting to eat it.

THE ACT QUESTION:

Most maritime cultures either are long gone or have been radically modified by others. Which elements of a rapidly changing mariculture do you predict would be the first to disappear? Which would tend to remain unchanged the longest?

• Most maritime cultures either are long gone or have been radically modified by others. The cultures would be the first to disappear because they would start to migrate to other areas because they could no longer make a living in those areas anymore. The fishing would remain unchanged the longest because as people move the fish remain untouched so it allows them to grow.