AVIT 323 Stage 255

PAVE

Pilot

Aircraft

enVironment

External Pressures

IMSAFE

Illness

Medication

Stress

Alcohol

Fatigue

Eating/Emotion

What affects stall speed?

CG Location

Density Altitude

Load Factor

Weight

Power

Flaps

How does CG location affect stall speed?

Forward: more stable, worse performance, slower speeds, higher stall speed

Aft: less stable, better performance, faster speeds, lower stall speed

How does density altitude affect stall speed?

High altitude = Higher stall speed

Low altitude = Lower stall speed

How does the load factor affect stall speed?

Stall speed increases with load factor (ex: aggravated stall)

(increased horizontal component of lift = decreased vertical component of lift)

How does weight affect stall speed?

Weight increases = stall speed increases

Weight decreases = stall speed decreases

(At heavier weights, the aircraft needs a higher AOA to maintain lift which makes it closer to the critical AOA)

What is the maximum weight for the baggage area?

200 lbs

What effects does CG have on performance and stability?

Aft CG: decreased static and dynamic longitudinal stability

Forward CG: increased static and dynamic longitudinal stability

In which direction does your CG move as you burn fuel?

Forward

What is standard empty weight?

The weight of the aircraft including unusable fuel, full operating fluids, and full engine oil

What is (basic) empty weight?

The weight of an aircraft without passengers, baggage, and fuel

What is payload?

The weight of passengers and cargo

What can happen if you go over the maximum weight?

Longer climbs and takeoff distances

Lower performance

Harder to recover from stalls and spins

Puts unnecessary stress on the engine

Increases load factor during maneuvers

How does a wing produce lift?

Airplane wings are shaped to make air move faster over the top of the wing. When air moves faster, the pressure of the air decreases. So the pressure on the top of the wing is less than the pressure on the bottom of the wing. The difference in pressure creates a force on the wing that lifts the wing up into the air.

What are the maximum weights for the archer?

Ramp: 2558 lbs (normal) 2138 lbs (utility)

Takeoff: 2550 lbs (normal) 2130 lbs (utility)

What can a utility aircraft do?

Perform limited acrobatic maneuvers (bank angles greater than 60*)

What is static stability?

The initial tendency of an object to return to its previously undisturbed state

What is positive static stability?

The initial tendency of the aircraft to return to the original state of equilibrium after being disturbed

What is neutral static stability?

The initial tendency of the aircraft to remain in a new condition after its equilibrium has been disturbed

What is negative static stability?

The initial tendency of the aircraft to continue away from the original state of equilibrium after being disturbed

What is dynamic stability?

The tendency of an object to return to the previously undisturbed state over time

What is positive dynamic stability?

The overall tendency for an object to return to its original state of equilibrium over time.

What is neutral dynamic stability?

The overall tendency of an object to remain in the new condition after being disturbed

What is negative dynamic stability?

The overall tendency to continue away from the original undisturbed state (oscillation gets worse)

What is an anti servo tab?

Aids longitudinal stability by moving "in the same direction as the stabilator, but with increased travel,"

This increased travel creates increased felt forces on the yoke, and naturally wants to force the stabilator back into its previous state. Thus, it wants to dampen out the pilot's inputs. Also, can be used as trim.

(POH 7.3, 7-2)

How does an anti servo tab provide positive static stability?

Creates higher control forces preventing over control. By moving in the same direction, it naturally wants to force the stabilator back down to its original state.

What is Vo?

The maximum maneuverability speed or the speed that will make the aircraft stall before reaching it's structural limits

Why does Vo increase with weight?

At heavier weights, the aircraft flies at a higher AOA which makes it closer to the critical AOA and will make it stall sooner than a lighter aircraft

How does temperature affect air density?

The hotter the air, the less dense. The cooler the air, the more dense.

How does pressure affect air density?

As pressure increases, air density increases.

As pressure decreases, air density decreases.

How does humidity affect air density?

Humid air is less dense

Dry air is more dense

How does air density affect aircraft performance?

More dense air = better performance

Less dense air = worse performance

How does density altitude affect performance

A high density altitude reduces performance because the air is less dense, while a low density altitude increases performance because the air is more dense.

How do you calculate density altitude?

Pressure altitude + (120 x (OAT - 13 (ISA Temperature for GFK))

How do you calculate pressure altitude?

(29.92 - current altimeter setting) x 1000 + field elevation

What documents are you required to have readily accesible to act as PIC?

Pilot Certificate

Medical

Government Issued ID

What do you need to have to act as PIC with passengers?

Logbook endorsement showing a completed flight review within the preceding 24 calendar months

Do you need to carry a logbook as a private pilot?

Not unless you're carrying passengers

Do you need to log every flight?

No, only if it is a flight for currency or in furtherance of a certificate

How long do you have to notify the FAA of an address change?

30 days

What is considered a high performance aircraft?

Any aircraft with 200HP +

What is considered a complex aircraft?

An airplane that has retractable gear, flaps, and controllable pitch prop

Are you allowed to fly a high performance aircraft or a complex with a commercial certificate?

Not unless you have received an endorsement after logging flight/ground training from an authorized instructor

When do you need to have a type rating?

Large Aircraft over 12,500 pounds

Turbojet powered airplanes

What are some types of endorsements you can get?

High performance

High altitude (pressurized aircraft above FL250 service ceiling)

Complex

Tail wheel

What is category, class, and type in regards to aircraft?

Category: Airplane, glider, rotorcraft, hot air balloon

Class: Single engine land, multi engine land, etc.

Type: piper, seminole, cessna

Can a pilot with a commercial certificate and multi engine land rating carry passengers in a single engine airplane?

No, unless the PIC holds a category, class, and type rating for that aircraft

What is a spin?

Aggravated stall with yaw

What are the phases of a spin and what happens in each one?

Entry: low speed/high AOA (stall)

Incipient: forces not balanced (wing drop + first two turns)

Developed: forces balanced, flight path vertical (spin)

Recovery: controls applied to recover and maintain straight and level, AOA decreased past critical AOA

When is a spin most likely to occur?

At slow airspeeds and high angles of attack

In the traffic pattern from base to final or turning crosswind

Why should you not turn more than 30* in the traffic pattern?

At any bank angle above 30*, the load factor increases exponentially

Are both wings stalled in a spin?

Yes, one is just more stalled than the other

Why would you not want to use ailerons in a spin?

It could deepen the stall and further aggravate the spin which makes it flatten

Why do you want to bring the throttle to idle in a spin recovery?

To reduce the AOA

What documents are required on board an aircraft prior to flight?

MARROWS

MEL

Airworthiness Certificate

Radio License

Registration Federal and State

Operators Handbook (POH)

Weight and Balance

Supplements (G1000 or standby)

How long is a airworthiness certificate valid? Can it be transferred when bought?

It's valid as long as the aircraft remains airworthy and can be transferred when purchased

Where can you find the airworthiness certificate in the Archer?

Baggage compartment

How long is the federal registration valid?

7 years

How long is the ND state registration valid?

1 year

Where is the federal registration found in the piper archer?

Baggage compartment

Where is the state registration found in the piper archer?

Baggage compartment

Where can you find the specific weight and balance?

In the aircraft specific manual

Where must the airworthiness certificate be located?

In a visible location where its legible to all passengers and crew

When would an aircraft registration be invalid?

1. Aircraft registered under laws of a foreign country

2. Aircraft's registration cancelled at owners request

3. Aircraft is destroyed or scrapped

4. Ownership of aircraft is transferred

5. Holder of certificate loses US citizenship

When would you need a Radio Operating License?

International flights

What is a special flight permit (ferry permit) and when would you need it?

When the aircraft does not meet airworthiness requirements, but is safe for flight

Used to transfer to an airport for maintenance or delivery after purchase

Who should you contact if you want a special flight permit?

FSDO (closest is in Fargo)

What is a flight review and when would you need to conduct one?

1h of flight and 1h of ground to remain current and proficient. Needs to be done every 24 calendar months unless you've passed a certificate granting stage check, or if you're a current CFI you only need to conduct the flight.

What are you required to complete if you want to carry passengers as a PIC?

3 takeoffs and landings within 90 days*

*For night, takeoffs and landings need to be conducted at night to a full stop

When can you log night time?

After end of evening civil twilight and before the beginning of morning civil twilight

(Usually 30 min after sunset to 30 min before sunrise)

If you are night current are you also day current?

Yes

What is the required equipment for day VFR?

ATOMATO FLAMES

Anti collision light

Tachometer (RPM)

Oil temperature

Manifold pressure gauge

Airspeed indicator

Temperature gauge

Oil pressure

Fuel gauge

Landing gear position indicator

Altimeter

Magnetic compass

ELT

Seatbelts

What is the required equipment for night VFR?

FLAPS

Whats required for day and:

Fuses

Landing light (if for hire)

Anti collision light (strobes)

Position lights (NAV light)

Source of power

What is the required equipment for IFR flight?

GRABCARDD

What is required for day and night, and:

Generator/Alternator

Radio

Altimeter

Ball (Inclinometer)

Clock

Attitude indicator

Rate of turn indicator

Directional gyro (heading indicator)

DME (above FL240)

When would you need DME for instrument flight?

If flying above FL240

What are the required inspections?

AV1ATE

Annual

VOR (30 days)

100 hr

Altimeter (24 cal months)

Transponder (24 cal months)

ELT (12 cal months/after 1 hr of cumulative use/50% battery life)

How does UND do inspections?

UND does phased inspection where maintenance inspects a different part of the aircraft every 75 hours (4 different parts)

Can an annual take place of a 100hr?

Yes, but not the other way around

When can an aircraft have passengers again after maintenance?

Once it has been approved for return by an authorized person and a rated private pilot flies it and logs the flight

What should be in the maintenance records?

The description of the work done

Date

Signature and certificate number of the person approving the aircraft for return to service

As a pilot can you do any sort of maintenance?

Yes, preventative maintenance (oil changes, changing lightbulbs etc.)

Where can you find a list of preventative maintenance that you as a pilot can perform?

Part 43 Appendix A

How long must you keep your maintenance and alteration records?

For one year or until superseded

Landing lights are required for a night type certificate, does UND need a landing light?

Yes, because it's required when it's for hire

What are the type of VOR checks and their acceptable degrees of error?

VOT: +/- 4

Repair Station: +/- 4

VOR Ground Checkpoint: +/- 4

Dual VOR: +/- 4

VOR Airborne Checkpoint: +/- 6

Above a prominent landmark on a selected radial at least 20 NM from a VOR, flying at a "reasonable low altitude": +/- 6

Can we fly with inoperative equipment?

Yes, as long as it's not required by your:

MEL

ATOMATO FLAMES (91.205)

ADs

Service bulletins

VFR Day type certificate

What is an MEL and what does it allow us to do?

It is a minimum equipment list issued by the FAA for a specific aircraft. It tells you what you have to have operational for every flight and what you can fly without

How do we obtain an MEL?

Through a FSDO

If we have an MEL do we have to use it?

Yes

What are the parts of an MEL?

Preamble

Procedures Document

Master MEL (MMEL)

Letter of Authorization

What are the steps that you need to take without an MEL?

ATOMATO FLAMES (91.205)

VFR Day type certificate (FAA website)

Kinds of Operation (POH sec 2)

Airworthiness Directives and Service Bulletins

PIC decision to remove or placard and deactivate

In an MEL what does the O mean? What does the M mean?

O: indicates a requirement for a specific operations procedure which must be accomplished in planning for and/or operating with the listed item inoperative

M: aircraft is un-airworthy and maintenance must be performed by a certified mechanic

If your aircraft has an approved MEL and the inoperative equipment is not listed in the MEL, is the aircraft airworthy?

No

Where can you find the VFR day type certificate?

FAA website

Where can you find the Kinds of operation?

POH sec 2

What is an airworthiness directive (AD)?

It is a directive enforced by the FAA. A legally enforceable rule that addresses safety issues of aircraft.

What is an advisory circular (AC)?

ACs are used by the FAA as a means of issuing nonregulatory information to pilots, mechanics, and manufacturers.

What is a service bulletin (SB)?

Set by the manufacturer and are not mandatory in nature but highly recommended

When does your pilot certificate expire?

It doesn't unless it is revoked