Chapter 17 - Spontaneity, Entropy, and Free Energy

significance of exothermicity

The ________ as a driving force depends on the temperature at which the process occurs.

constant temperature

A process occurring at ________ and pressure is spontaneous in the direction in which its free energy decreases.

▵G°

________ is the free energy change for the reaction with all reactants and products at a pressure of 1 atm 17.8 Free Energy and Equilibrium.

Q

________ is the reaction quotient (from the law of mass action)

chemical reaction

For a(n) ________, ▵Ssys is dominated by changes in the number of gaseous molecules.

Entropy

________ can be viewed as a measure of molecular randomness or disorder.

Thermodynamics

________ considers only the initial and final states and does not require knowledge of the pathway between reactants and products.

▵G

________ for a spontaneous process represents the energy that is free to do useful work.

Solids

________ are more ordered than liquids or gases and thus have lower entropy.

T

Because ▵Ssurr depends inversely on ________, exothermicity becomes a more important driving force at low temperatures.

Exothermicity

________ is most important as a driving force at low temperatures 17.4 Free Energy.

Free energy

________ is a state function.

Equilibrium point

________ occurs at the lowest value of free energy available to the reaction system.

real process

When energy is used to do work in a(n) ________, the energy of the universe remains constant but the usefulness of the energy decreases.

energy

When ________ is used to do work, it becomes less organized and less concentrated and thus less useful.

Entropy

________ is a thermodynamic function that describes the number of arrangements that are available to a system existing in a given state.