BSC2011L Midterm

What is plagiarism?

the practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own.

What is an internal citation?

An internal, in-text, or parenthetical citation giving credit to an author, singer, or speaker by citing their words/ideas within the text of your paper.

What is a works cited page?

A list of sources that were "cited" or used in a paper. Typically the "Works Cited" comes at the end of a paper.

What is "common knowledge"?

Information that is considered well-established fact verifiable in five or more sources; it needs no internal citation in a paper

What is a "unique phrase"

Coined by an author and used commonly by other authors in a specific genre or discipline, but is not necessarily a common fact or phrase used by everyone; does need an internal citation.

What are the steps of the scientific method?

purpose, research, hypothesis, experiment, analysis, conclusion

Define and create a hypothesis

A supposed or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.

How is a theory different from a hypothesis?

A theory is a principle that has been formed as an attempt to explain things that have already been sustained by data; considered to be truer than a hypothesis is. A hypothesis is an assumption, an idea that is proposed for the sake of argument so that it can be tested to see if it might be true; this is constructed before any applicable research has been done; usually tentative, made strictly for the objective of being tested.

Dissecting Microscope

View objects in 3D at low magnificationC

Compound Microscope

View small objects at high magnification

Identify number 1 on the dissecting microscope

Oculars

Identify number 2 on the dissecting microscope

Magnification control

Identify number 3 on the dissecting microscope

Objectives

Identify number 4 on the dissecting microscope

Stage (with substage illumination)

Identify number 5 on the dissecting microscope

Base

Identify number 6 on the dissecting microscope

Switch

Identify number 7 on the dissecting microscope

Lamp for incident illumination

Identify number 8 on the dissecting microscope

Focus

Identify number 9 on the dissecting microscope

Arm

Identify number 10 on the dissecting microscope

Head

Identify number 1 on the compound microscope

Ocular lenses

Identify number 2 on the compound microscope

Nosepiece

Identify number 3 on the compound microscope

Objective lens

Identify number 4 on the compound microscope

Stage

Identify number 5 on the compound microscope

Iris diaphragm switch

Identify number 6 on the compound microscope

Condenser

Identify number 7 on the compound microscope

Light

Identify number 8 on the compound microscope

Base

Identify number 9 on the compound microscope

Dimmer switch

Identify number 10 on the compound microscope

Stage adjustment knobs

Identify number 11 on the compound microscope

Fine adjustment

Identify number 12 on the compound microscope

Coarse adjustment knob

Identify number 13 on the compound microscope

Arm

Calculate magnification

Objective Lens x Ocular Lens = Total Magnification

4x 10x 40x

10x 10x 100x

40x 10x 400x

100x 10x 1000x

What is a phylogenetic tree?

A diagram that shows the hypothesized evolutionary relationship among species

Monophyletic group

A taxonomic grouping that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants.

Paraphyletic group

Composed of a common ancestor and some descendants

Polyphyletic group

Composed of unrelated organisms descended from more than one ancestor

Natural Selection

Traits of organisms that are best at surviving AND reproducing will be most present in the next generation; created by Darwin; based on: 1) variation within a given species, 2) heritability, 3) differential reproductive rates

Genetic Drift

Changes in allele frequency due to random chance, not fitness; favors either loss or via action of an allele; faster in smaller populations; bottleneck and founder effect

Bottleneck Effect

Populations dramatically reduced, then rebuilds environmental event randomly eliminates members, surviving members may have allele frequencies G

Founder Effect

Small group separates from larger population; typically, less genetic variation than original population; allele frequencies in founding population may differ markedly from original population

Convergent Evolution (Analogies)

When a similar trait arises between species that do not share a recent common ancestor

Divergent Evolution (adaptive radiation)

The process of related species adapting differently to their environment and becoming more dissimilar. Involved species that share a recent common ancestor

Prokaryotes compose which two out of the three domains of life?

Archaea and Bacteria, not Eukarya

Cyanobacteria are ecologically important because they

Produce oxygen via photosynthesis, fix carbon dioxide and nitrogen out of the atmosphere, are a food source for invertebrates and cycle C and N up the food chain, and are indicators of water quality (high=toxic).

Cyanobacteria form symbiotic relationships with

Aquatic ferns

Anabaena (Cyanobacteria) forms _______ during periods of nitrogen limitation (used to pore from nitrogen fixation)

Heterocysts

Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic (autotrophs) meaning that they

Capture light energy and use it to convert water, CO2, and minerals into O2 and organic compounds

Cyanobacteria gave rise to

Plastids and mitochondria of eukaryotic algae and plants

Cyanobacteria are sometimes surrounded by a jellylike _____ ____

Mucilaginous sheath

What ecological role do nitrogen-fixing bacteria play in the environment?

They transform atmospheric nitrogen to a form that other organisms can use

Cell walls of bacteria are composed of

Peptidoglycan

Gram Staining is a differential stain which distinguishes______ based on cell wall composition

bacteria

Gram positive bacteria

Thick peptidoglycan layer traps Crystal violet. These cells are purple at the end of the stain

Gram negative bacteria

Thin peptidoglycan layer with outer membrane present. Cannot retain Crystal Violet after clean with alcohol . Counter stain with Safranin. These cells are pink by the end of the stain.

Gram staining process

fixation, crystal violet, iodine treatment, decolorization (w alcohol), counter stain, safranin

Eukaryotes

include all organisms except for bacteria, cyanobacteria, and archaebacteria. Have membrane bound organelles

Prokaryotes

Have a plasma membrane, DNA molecules, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and cell wall. They lack membrane bound organelles.

Bacterial groups are often based on the shape and arrangement of cells

Coccus, coccobacillus, vibrio, bacillus, spirillum, spirochete

Coccus

Which bacterial group is this?

Coccobacillus

Which bacterial group is this?

Vibrio

Which bacterial group is this?

Bacillus

Which bacterial group is this?

Spirillium

Which bacterial group is this?

Spirochete

Which bacterial group is this?

Coccus

Which arrangement of cocci is this?

Diplococci

Which arrangement of cocci is this?

Staphylocci

Which arrangement of cocci is this?

Streptococci

Which arrangement of cocci is this?

Sarcina

Which arrangement of cocci is this?

Tetrad

Which arrangement of cocci is this?

Protists

A eukaryotic organism that cannot be classified as an animal, plant, or fungus.

Protists are a monophyletic group. T or F?

False

In which pond water sample would you expect to find more plant-like (photosynthetic) protists?

In the sample from the sunny part of the pond

Protist Supergroup Excavata

specialized feeding groove, heterotrophs and autotrophs, have acquired plastids through secondary endosymbiosis from green algae, multiple membranes kinetoplastids

Euglena

What organism is this?

Euglena genus, phylum/supergroup, domain

G: Euglena

S: Excavata

D: Eukarya

How do euglena feed, move, and key characteristics?

Autotrophic and heterotropic; singular flagellum; stigma (colored eyespot near base of the flagellum)

Trypanosoma (T. Brucei)

What organism is this?

T. Brucei genus, phylum/ supergroup, domain

G: Trypanosoma

S: Excavata

D: Eukarya

How do Trypanosoma feed, move, and key characteristics

Heterotrophs (absorb nutrients); flagellum; cause sleeping sickness, undulating membrane, purple stained nuclei

Giardia lamblia

What organism is this?

Giardia genus, phylum/ supergroup, domain

G: Giardia

S: Excavata

D: Eukarya

How do Giardia feed, move, and key characteristics

Heterotrophs (absorb nutrients), flagellum, found in feces-contaminated water and cause giardiasis (diarrhea and vomiting)

Protist Supergroup SAR Clade

Stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians

Stramenopila (SAR Clade)

Straw-like hairs that line surface of flagella to help them swim faster and more efficiently. Includes diatoms and brown algae

Diatoms

What organism is this?

Diatom genus, phylum/ supergroup, domain

G: diatoms

S: Stramenopila

D: Eukarya

How do diatoms feed, move, and key characteristics

Autotrophs (photosynthesis); flagellum (adults lack hairy flagellum); unicellular algae that contain chlorophyll an and c and xanthophyll. Live anywhere there is water. Cell wall made of silicon dioxide

Brown algae (kelp, seaweed)

What organism is this?

Brown algae genus, phylum/ supergroup, domain

G: Ectocarpus, Fucus, Laminaria

S: Stramenopila (SAR)

P: Phaeophyta

D: Eukarya

How do brown algae feed, move, and key characteristics

Autotrophic; anchored or immobile; multicellular

Alveolata (SAR Clade)

Characterized by sac-like vesicles called alveoli that lie under plasma membrane. May play a role in ion transport and provide structural support.

Dinoflagellates

What organism is this?

Dinoflagellates genus, phylum/ supergroup, domain

G: Dinoflagellates

S: Alveolata

D: Eukarya

How do dinoflagellates feed, move, and key characteristics

Heterotrophic and autotrophic; have two perpendicular flagella (whirling pattern when swimming); most have cellulose plates, some cause red tide and some are bioluminescent

Stentor

Have ciliated corona; Alveolata Supergroup

Paramecium

Exhibit taxis (directional response to a stimulus; Alveolata Supergroup

Rhizaria (SAR Clade)

Planktonic heterotrophic marine organisms possessing very narrow pseudopodia (axopodia). Many form symbiotic relationships with photosynthetic algae