immuno - the adaptive immune response

hapten vs adjuvant

hapten: low molecular weight, does not elicit immune response unless conjugated to high molecular weight carrier compound

adjuvant: enhances immune response (ex: when added to vaccine)

importance of generating antigen-specific lymphocytes and memory cells

prevent disease after re-exposure

takes more time to develop

more specialized form of immunity

B cell characteristics

bind to antigen

develop into plasma cells

make and secrete antibodies into blood

humoral immunity

T cells express _____ and cannot bind to ....

antigen specific receptors

antigens directly

how do T cells contact antigens?!?

APC (antigen presenting cells) process, and then present processed antigen to T cells (MHC)

when T cells are activited they generate....

memory T cells

which lymphocyte makes antibodies?

B cells

__ cells are cell-mediated immunity.

2 kinds of cells?

what do they make?

T cells

T helper CD4+, Cytotoxis CD8+

production of cytokines by T cells

why are CD4+ levels important?

low CD4+ count (due to AIDS/HIV) allows opportunistic infections to take over

activated T cells help with the activation and differentiation of ______ responding to antigen via ____ ______. what happens next?

B cells

released cytokines

B-cell proliferation, generation of memory B cells, production of antibody types

what are the primary lymphoid organs and what are their function (general)

bone marrow

thymus

maturation of B and T lymphocytes into antigen-recognizing lymphocytes

where do B cells mature?

T cells?

b cells: bone marrow

t cells: thymus

the thymus gland is a lymphoepithelial organ. what cells does it contain?

epithelial cells, lymphoid cells (thymocytes), lymphocytes, macrophages

lymphoid cells (can mean lymphocytes, lymphoblasts, plasma cells)

what are the secondary lymphoid organs

ex: lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils --> places where blood circulates thru and where you would find antigens

secondary lymphoid organs are the site of __________ proliferation and differentiation and are thus termed ______

antigen-driven

"antigen trappers"

secondary lymphoid organs are highly efficient in ____________ and is the main stires of production of _____ and ____________________

trapping and concentrating foreign substances

antibodies and antigen-specific T lymphocytes

major secondary lymphoid organs

spleen + lymph nodes

minor secondary lymphoid organs

tonsils, appendix, peyer's patches, lymphoid aggregates (_ALTs)

function of spleen in immune response

traps and concentrates foreign substances from blood

major antibody synthesizer and releaser

what cells are in spleen

B + T lymphocytes, plasma cells

function of lymph nodes in immune response

trap and concentrate tissue/blood antigens

cells in lymph nodes

B and T cells, plasma cells

primary response

during first antigen encounter, key microbe-eradicating lymphocytes

secondary response

all subsequent responses to same antigen

memory cells (B and T lymphocytes)

- trained during primary response

- re-enlisted to fight again, may remain ready to go for decades

allow for antigen-specific, more effective, and more rapid response to same microbe

foundation for vaccine

latent/lag period

time between initial exposure to antigen to when antibody is first detectable in the serum

latent/lag period primary vs secondary response

secondary response has much shorter latent/lag period

exponential phase

concentration of antibody in serum increasing exponentially

exponential phase primary vs secondary response

secondary response is GREATER and faster

steady state

production and degradation of antibody balanced

declining phase

concentration of antibody in serum declining rapidly, immune response "shutting down"

goal of vaccines

hone the responses to sufficient level to allow future protection from the real pathogen

hepatitis _ and _ have vaccines. hep _ does not have vaccine

A and B have vaccines

C does not

what if a one round of a vaccine does not protect you enough??

get booster!