Exam 3 - Sci Basis Str & Pwr

In comparison to a single sarcomere, a muscle contraction with sarcomeres arranged in series will result in _____ change in muscle length ____ in force production.

Greater; without a change

In comparison to sarcomeres in parallel, a muscle contraction with the same number of sarcomeres arranged in series will reult in ___ change in muscle length ____ in force production

a greater; with a decrease

When a muscle contracts…

F is generated by the muscle will be equal to the sum of the individual fibers in parallel at a given length

Amount of shortening will be dependent on the length of the individual fibers

Pennate Muscles…

Geometry of the muscle affects the relationship of fiber and muscle length changes

Less muscle shortening occurs when compared to longitudinal muscles

Muscle fiber shortening may be accompanied by an increased fiber angle

When elastic properties are incorporated into the Hill Model…

Decreased F below optimum CE length would be accompanied by a decrease in SEC length

Shortening velocity of muscle is equal to the sum of both shortening velocities of CE and SEC

Tendon characterstics…

Tendons act as an energy pool where energy can be stored and applied to obtain high movement velocities without imposing high velocities on MF

Stretch Shortening Cycle…

SSC is a combination of ecc and conc actions to make the final conc contraction more powerful than one without the ecc contraction

Mechanical efficiency in ecc exercise is increased when mechanical work is increased

Aponeurosis length (FL Curve) may be affected by muscle length

Factors affecting Force production

Muscle CSA

Muscle Fiber CSA

What affects how fast a muscle can shorten

Muscle length (number of sarcomeres in series)

Shortening rate per sarcomere or per muscle fiber

Fiber arrangement

Adaptation as result of training

Increased muscle fiber size

Increased size of myofibrils

Increased number of myofibrils

A muscle immobilized in a shortened position will result in an ____ in the number of sarcomeres and ___ of the remaining sarcomeres

Decrease; lengthening

Muscle Fiber responses to Strength TR

Increased CSA of Type I fibers

Increased CSA of Type II fibers

Connective tissues…

Collagen is a major component

Collagen comprises about 30% of total body PRO

Collagen is composed of glycine, hydroxyproline and proline

5 types of collagen

Bone mass and bone mineral density:

Immobilization & weightlessness decreases bone density

Dominant limbs of athletes have greater bone mass than non dominant limbs

RT with weight bearing component increases bone mineral density

Evidence of NS effect on Force production

Greater increase in strength can be obtained by training with voluntary contractions than training with electrical stimulation

Significant increase in strength of one limb can be obtained by only training the other limb

Increase in strength for both TR & UNT arms is due to

An increase in the muscle activation level with a maximal contraction

After explosive jump training…

There is an increase in the maximal isometric force that can be produced

There is an increase in the maximum rate of force development

Greater EMG activity can be found at the onset of the jump than later or in the jump

The % increment of MU recruitment is greater at the onset of the jump than later on in the jump

Heavy RT (squats) result in greater improvement in isometric force development when compared to explosive jump training

TRUE

Explosive jump training results in a greater improvement in the maximum rate of force development than when compared to heavy RT (squats)

TRUE

Heavy RT (squats) will result in a greater increase/improvement in EMG at the end of the lift than at the beginning of the lift

TRUE

Heavy RT (squats) result in an overall greater increase/improvement in EMG than when compared to explosive jump training

FALSE

Explosive jump training will result in a greater increase in EMG at the onset of the jump than at the end of the jump

TRUE

After heavy RT (squats), there is a large increase in…

peak isometric force

Force production decrement due to fatigue primarily occurs at

CNS

Acute training adaptation

Pumped up

straining muscle during/muscle spasm

BP increments when lifting heavy wt

Body building increases

Size of ST Fibers

Power lifters train with

High intensities, low volume

RT Programs increase ____ while ____

lean body mass; decreasing total body weight

When RT, what neural adaptations happen

Lower muscle activation is needed to produce the same force

Lower muscle activation is needed to produce greater forces

The same level of muscle activation produces greater forces

MU can be activated for longer

Strength increments are less than the increment in muscle EMG (when RT)

TRUE

To maximize power development…

Training at ___ with a ____

Intermediate velocity; intermediate load

Resistance training programs…

Increase absolute muscle endurance

Endurance training decreases testosterone levels…

TRUE

With endurance TR, ventricular cavity size ____; heart wall thickness ___

Increases; Stays the same

During a hypothetical set of 8 repetition maximum of a strength exercise where a Valsalva maneuver was performed during the concentric portion of each repetition, there is ______ in blood pressure during the concentric portion of the exercise and ______ in blood pressure during the eccentric portion

Increase; decrease

What type of TR decreased resting BP values?

Body building

Decreased resting BP found in body builders are due to high volume training1

TRUE

increased HDL levels of body builder are attributed to high volume training

TRUE

Low LDL levels of body builders may be due to a low fat diet

TRUE

Use of steroids increases LDL, total cholesterol, and lowers HDL

TRUE

RT increases bone density and decreases risk of osteoporosis

TRUE

When powerlifters are detrained, there is ___ in capillary density & ____ in limb growth

Increase; decrease

When endurance athletes are detrained, there is a ___ in maximal oxygen consumption, and ___ in fat

decrease; increase

After being immobilized, RT will increase strength ___ back to normal levels, then increase strength at ____ with continued training

Quick; slower rate