imaging RBE total recall ehem ehem

Principle behind CT image formation

Rotating x-ray beams & detector

Arrange tissues from least to most radiopaque

Air > fat > soft tissue > bone > metal

Best positioning for hip dysplasia radiograph in cats

Dorsal recumbency with limbs extended caudally

TRUE or FALSE solid detectors in CT scans are more effecient in capturing photon

true at all times

CT artifact from metal

beam hardening

to include the urinary bladder in lateral abdominal view, caudal border of collimation should reach which landmark?

greater trochanter of femur

fundamental principle of UTZ

reflection of high frequency soundwaves at tissue interfaces

artifact responsible for increased echogenecity distal to fluid filled structure

acoustic enhancement

first step before peeforming an ECG on a dog

clip and shave the thoracic area

artifact commonly seen with gas and produces multiple parallel lines

reverberation

6 yr old dog vomitting and lethargy stellate pattern, no shadowing, mild wall thickening

gallbladder mucocele

point in respiratory cycle should exposure be ideally taken

peak inspirtion

tissue interaction causes UTS waves to change direction when passing between tissues of different propagation speeds

refraction

significant advatage of CT scan over MRI

rapid acquisition time

Normal echogenicity of canine spleen on UTZ

hyperechoic to the liver

when performing a urinary bladder scan, the probe is usually directed:

caudally toward the tail

wavelength is determined by

frequency and propagation speed

hypoattenuating lesions suggest

fluid

where should biospies be collected from when evaluating a gastric ulcer

along the rim of the ulcer

condition that makes side lobe artifact misleading

imaging fluid filled structures

hypoechoic cavitary lesions with irregular margin and internal echoes in liver

abcess

in feline MRI, which sequence is best for detecting edema

T2 weighted

Sunburst periosteal reaction in distal radius

Osteosarcoma

Best modality for emergency brain imaging

CT Scan

J maneuver

Retroflexion of scope tip 180°

Probe location to visualize right kidney (dog)

On the right lateral abdomen, caudal to the last rib

Diffuse bronchial pattern in older dog with chronic cough

Chronic bronchitis

Technique for mandibular premolars/molars

Bisecting angle technique

Hyperechoic splenic structure with acoustic shadowing

mineralization

 First step in ultrasound imaging process

Transmission of electrical pulse to piezoelectric crystal

Hyperechoic structure in posterior segment during occular UTZ

retinal detachment

Effect of increasing mAs

Radiographic density increases

refraction artifact may result in

duplication or misplaced structures

Role of main magnetic field in MRI

Generate longitudinal magnetization by aligning hydrogen protons along the main magnetic field

CT component most responsible for image resolution

Gantry rotation speed and detector configuration

Rule of thumb for long bone radiography collimation

Include joints proximal & distal to the bone

Hounsfield units measure

Density

Differentiating sludge vs true bladder wall thickening

Scanning the bladder in two different planes

Function of distal tip deflection (endoscope)

4-way movement for navigation

Why VD open-mouth view for nasal cavity

Eliminates the superimposition of the mandible over the nasal turbinate

Diffuse loss of abdominal detail in thin kitten

Low fat contrast

Recommended scope length for small animal endoscopy

>125cm

Air on CT appears

Black

Cranial collimation border in lateral thoracic radiograph

At the thoracic inlet

what is the recommended angle for a dorsoproximal dorsodistal view of the P3 (coffin bone) to avoid overlap with the navicular bone

45-65 downward

open vs closed fracture

severity of dispalcement

main advantage of using a surface coil in feline MRI

allows imaging of the whole body simultaneously

which MRI plane divides the cat into left and right halves

sagittal

sensor for mandibular incisors placed where

between tongue and teeth

what view allows visualization of the left ventricular outflow tract and aorta continuity

right parasternal long axis 5 chamber view

structure closest to the probe in a standard parasternal view

right ventricle

what is the primary function of a surface coil in small animal MRI

Act as antenna to receive RF signals

deep chested dog retching double bubble sign

GDV

when radiographing the foramen magnum, the beamis angel in which direction relative to the nose?

approx 30 degrees caudally

best position for transcorneal ocular utz of dog

sternal recumbency with head elevated

cornea, anterior chamber, and lens are visualized as

hyper, anechoic and anechoic with hyperechoic capsules respectively

position error that causes distortion

patient rotation

anode rotates in an xray tube to

focus electrons

standard position for dog undergoing gastroduodenoscopy

right lateral recumbency

safest method to restrain animals during radiography

chemical restraint

hepatomegaly in radiograph. utz reveals heterogenous liver with multiple nodules. best conclusion is

neoplastic liver disease

typical appearance if small intestines in a dog with mechanical distal obstruction

severely dialted and normal or collapsed intestines

when performing a dorsopalmar view of the equine fetlock, where should the primary xray beam be centered

level of sesamoid bones

which projection is most useful for visualizing dorsomedila and palmarolateral aspects of equine carpus

dorsomedial- palmarolateral oblique

probe when scanning the liver

ventral abdomen slightly caudal to the ribcage

Early pregnancy ultrasound appearance

Spherical hypoechoic structure surrounded by a hyperechoic rim

Appearance of free fluid (CSF) on T2 MRI

Bright white

Endoscopic “visual breech in mucosa” with bleeding

 Mucosal ulceration/erosion

X-ray beam directed too much toward sensor

Foreshortening

Prevent skull rotation (lateral view)

Placing a foam wedge under the mandible

Wing positioning for VD bird radiograph

 Extended laterally & taped near the carpus

Pattern with visible air bronchograms

Alveolar pattern

Normal VHS in dogs

10.5

Best measurement (30–45 days gestation)

Crown-rump length

Sign of dentigerous cyst

Large, well-defined radiolucent area around the crown of unerupted tooth

MRI primarily depends on which particles

Hydrogen

Meaning of voxel

Three-dimensional volume element of tissue

Proper positioning for equine carpal radiograph

Standing, carpus flat on cassette, beam perpendicular

Purpose of insufflation (endoscopy)

Distend the organ with air for better visualization

Best positioning for tibia + stifle evaluation

 Lateral recumbency with affected limb extended cranially and contralateral limb pulled caudally, stifle slightly flexed

Caudocranial radius-ulna view positioning

Extend the limb fully, elbow and carpus parallel to cassette

Hyperechoic focus with shadow in bladder

Bladder urolith

Earliest pregnancy detection (ultrasound)

25–35 days

Normal gastric mucosa (endoscopy)

 Smooth, pink & glistening

False negative pregnancy (<21 days) reason

Gestational sac are too small to be detected

Common CT contrast agent in vet med

Iodinated contrast media

Purpose of rotating X-ray tube in CT

To acquire multiple projections

Best RF coil for small superficial structures

Surface coil

Function of gradient coils in MRI

Control slice thickness, field of view, and image resolution

Color Doppler is mainly used to

Visualize blood flow and detect regurgitation

Cause of edge shadowing artifact

Ultrasound beam bending at a curved interface

Beam enters lateral, exits medial term

Lateromedial

Standard views for turtle imaging

Dorsoventral and lateral

Lateromedial (LM) view meaning

 Beam enters lateral, exits medial

Cause of foreshortening in limb radiographs

Improper beam angle

X-rays are produced when

Electrons strike a metal target

Small focal spot improves

Detail