PSYC 260 Final Exam UNC Buzinski

Components of Physical Attractiveness

Universal, Cultural, Situational

What Attracts Us?

Proximity (perception of shared experience), Familiarity (Mere Exposure), Similarity (attitudes and values, sociability, physical attractiveness), Positive Affect

Predictors of Post-Breakup Emotional State

intimacy, investment, ease of finding of new partners

Elements of Triarchic Love

intimacy, passion, commitment

Prosociality Motives

empathy-altruism hypothesis, evolution, social exchange theory

Stages of Helping

1. notice

2. interpret

3. assume responsibility

4. know how to help

5. help

Problems of Brainstorming

effort norms (social loafing), coordination losses (production blocking), evaluation apprehension

Cognitive Variables of Close Relationships

similarity, interdependence, incorporation into self-concept, commitment

Affective Variables of Close Relationships

intimacy, commitment, attachment

Determinants of Liking

physical attractiveness, proximity, similarity

Group Life Cycle Stages

1. group formation

2. storming

3. norming/performing

4. adjournment

Dimensions of Group Situations

1. task division

2. task combination

3. group member performance

4. task assessment

5. task clarity

Types of Task Division

divisible vs unitary

Types of Task Combination

additive vs averaging/compensatory

Types of Group Member Performance

disjunctive vs conjunctive

Types of Task Assessment

maximizing vs intellective

Types of Task Clarity

criterion (eureka & non-eureka) vs judgmental

Conditions Needed for Group Polarization

discussion of topic, preexisting belief/leaning

Aspects of Effective Goals

difficult, attainable, specific

Causes of Stereotyping Over Individuating

time pressure, cognitive load, stress, low motivation

Person Predictors of Prejudice

authoritarian, collectivist, social dominance orientation, low egalitarianism/humanism

Situation Predictors of Prejudice

conformity, group polarization, groupthink

Components of Hate Groups

derogation = moral, institutionalized discrimination, deindividuation

Contact Hypothesis Necessary Conditions

1. mutual interdependence

2. common goal

3. equal status

4. informal, interpersonal contact

5. multiple contacts

6. norms of equality

Contrast Effect

perceive as less attractive when against attractive person and vice versa

Components of Psychological Attraction

affiliate and attitude

Companionate Love

intimacy and commitment

Fatuous Love

commitment and passion

Infatuation

passion

Romantic Love

intimacy and passion

Empty Love

commitment

Liking

intimacy

Consumate Love

intimacy, commitment and passion

Prosocial Behavior

act performed with the goal of helping another person

Altruism

helping others even when there is a cost to you

Social-Exchange Theory

keep track of how much we help vs how much help we receive

Why Help

social-exchange theory, guilt, rewarding, makes us stronger, social norms, can be good for you

Norm of Reciprocity

expectation that helping others will increase likelihood that they will help you

Kin selection

performing altruistic acts for relatives so genes get passed on

Subjective Wealth

giving away money has same emotional benefit as earning money

Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis

empathy motivates us to help others

Bystander Effect

don't help in situation because of large number of others

Increase Likelihood of Bystander Intervention

be aware of bystander effect and barriers to helping

Social Identity Theory

(Tajfel and Turner, 1979)

group memberships are part of self-concept and they signal to others that one is part of a group

Drive Arousal Model

(Zajonc, 1965)

others being present increases arousal when performing a task and increases the dominant response

(social facilitation and social inhibition)

"Risky Shift"

thought that groups increase likelihood of risky behavior

Group Polarization

initial attitude becomes more extreme after interaction with group

GroupThink

suboptimal decision-making due to group

Factors of GroupThink

strong group identity, isolation from outsiders, strong leader, highly stressed group

Symptoms of GroupThink

feel invulnerable, belief in group process, fear contradicting (mindguards), ability to process info diminished

Outcomes of GroupThink

rash decisions, uninformed decisions, not clearly processed decisions

Actual Productivity

potential productivity + process gain - process loss

Social Support

approval, assistance, advice, and comfort from having stable relationships

Close Relationships

characterized by loving, caring, commitment, and intimacy

Interpersonal Attraction

strength of liking and loving for another person

Physical Attractiveness Stereotype

tendency to perceive attractive people as having positive characteristics

Most Important Determinant of Liking

similarity

Proximity Liking

better acquainted with and more fond of those in repeated contact

Mere Exposure

tendency to prefer stimuli that has been seen frequently

Passion (definition)

strong feelings accompanied by increase arousal and sexual feleings

Passionate Love

experienced when first getting to know partner

Companionate Love (definition)

based on friendship, mutual attraction, common interests, mutual respect, and concern for welfare

Reciprocal Self-Disclosure

tendency to communicate frequently without fear of reprisal and in accepting and empathetic manner

Intimate Relationship

based on caring, warmth, acceptance, and social support where partners feel close

Communal Relationships

close relationship where partners suspend need for equity

Exchange Relationships

where partners keep track of contributions

Interdependent

relying on each other to meet goals

Commitment (definition)

feelings and actions that keep partners working together to maintain relationship

Secure Attachment

self-concern and other-concern met

Attachment Style

individual differences in how people relate to others in close relationships

Anxious/Ambivalent Attachment

self-concern unmet, other-concern met

seek more affection than they can get, worry about love, interpret behavior negatively, etc.

Avoidant Attachment

self-concern met, other-concern unmet

trouble forming relationships, can't interpret or share emotions

Fearful Attachment

self-concern and other-concern unmet

Reciporcal Altruism

idea that helping people now will get favor returned in future

Principle of Social Reinforcement

have more time = less costly and more likely to help

Reciprocity Norm

following principles of reciprocal altruism

basis of human cooperation universally

Social Responsibility Norm

should try to help others who need assistance even without expectation of repayment

Personal Distress

negative emotions experienced when viewing another's suffering

Empathy

affective response where person understands and feels another person's distress

creates sympathy, compassion, and tenderness

Pluralistic Ignorance

people assume other know more about situation and make judgments based on what they think the other know

Diffusion of Responsibility

assume others will take action and therefore don't take action

Just-World Beliefs

people get what they deserve in life

Dependency Oriented Help

helper controls situation and makes receiver feel they can't care for themselves

Autonomy-Oriented Help

partial/temporary and provides resources for helping oneself

Social Group

set of people with share purpose and usually a positive social identity

Entitativity

perception either by group members or outsiders that the people are one group (perception of groupiness)

Interdependence

extent to which group members are mutually dependent on each other for getting goals

Group Structure

stable norms and roles that define appropriate behaviors for groups as a whole and for each of the members

Social Identity Approach

affective reason for group membership

gain positive social identity from being in group

Social Facilitation

perform well-learned task better in presence of others

Social Inhibition

perform unfamiliar tasks worse in presence of others

Group Process

events that occur when group is working together on a task

Member Characteristics

relevant traits, skills, or abilities of individual group members

Coordination Losses

difficulty in perfectly coordinating input of group members

Persuasive Arguments Approach

cognitive reason for group polarization

exposed to novel arguments supporting preexisting feelings

Social Identity (related to group polarization)

affective reason for group polarization

towards norms of ingroup and away from norms of outgroup

Illusion of Group Effectivity

tendency to overvalue the productivity of groups

caused by accessibility and positive social identity

Devine's Dissociation Model

automatic (stereotyped, category info) vs controlled (individuating info)

Realistic Conflict Theory

conflict over limited resources is evolutionary explanation of prejudice/discrimiation

Stereotype

Cognitive: beliefs about person/social groups