Drugs & Behavior Exam 3

Quizzes and Tophats

Eating while drinking alcohol _______ its absorption by _______ gastric emptying.

slows down; slowing down

The first step in the metabolism of alcohol is its conversion to:

acetaldehyde

During withdrawal from chronic alcohol use, an increase in _______ is correlated with an increase in signs of _______.

glutamate release; CNS hyperexcitability

Repeated exposure to alcohol ___________ GABA release.

stimulates

Blocking opioid receptors _________ alcohol self-administration.

reduces

Oral administration of marijuana:

results in a longer duration of action of the drug

Which statement regarding CB1 cannabinoid receptors is false?

It is an ionotropic receptor

_______ increases regional brain activation and blood flow in some brain regions, while _______ has the opposite effect.

THC; CBD

The development of tolerance to cannabis involves:

A and B (desensitization and down-regulation of CB1 receptors)

Match the brain region to the effect of THC: Amygdala, Basal ganglia, Hypothalamus, Nucleus accumbens, Hippocampus

Amygdala: panic/paranoia

Basal ganglia: slowed reaction time

Hypothalamus: increased appetite

Nucleus accumbens: euphoria

Hippocampus: impaired memory

All of the following are acute effects of the class of drugs called narcotic analgesics except:

diarrhea

One common effect of increasing opiate dose is:

euphoria

Opiates are dangerous at high doses due mostly to:

the suppression of the brainstem’s respiratory center

Which of the following is false regarding endogenous opioids and opioid receptors?

Both A and D are false (Endogenous opioids are never co-released with other neurotransmitters & They stimulate neurotransmission in two ways)

Match the brain region to the acute opioid effect: Periaqueductal Gray, VTA/NAc, Brain Stem, Amygdala/Limbic System

Periaqueductal Gray: Analgesia

VTA/NAc: Euphoria

Brain Stem: Respiratory depression

Amygdala/Limbic System: Dulling of negative emotions

Which of the following is not a psychedelic drug?

5-HT

What is the mechanism of action of psychedelic mushrooms?

After ingestion, psilocybin is converted to psilocin, which is the psychoactive agent.

What is responsible for the unusually long length of an LSD “trip”?

After receptor binding, a lid-like structure formed from the receptor protein temporarily traps the drug in the binding pocket.

Alcohol increases synaptic levels of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens by _______.

increasing the firing rate of cells in the VTA

THC is less reinforcing than opioids and other highly abused drugs because _______.

THC is only a partial agonist at the CB1 receptor

Brain imaging studies of long-term cannabis users have found _______.

reduced gray matter volume in several brain areas

How is Salvinorin A different from most of the other psychedelic drugs?

it is a κ-opioid receptor agonist

Studies of reinforcement suggest that opioid drugs produce their effects by inhibiting _______.

GABA

PCP and ketamine are _______.

un-competitive antagonists at NMDA receptors

Which of the following is not an abnormality found in the brain of schizophrenic patients?

increased connectivity between brain regions

Which model of schizophrenia was suggested by the fact that amphetamine users experience psychotic symptoms that could be reversed by DA antagonists?

dopamine hypothesis

The effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs is due to

dopamine receptor antagonism

If inheritance plays a role in the risk of developing an affective disorder, the concordance rate will be highest in

identical twins

Which class of antidepressant drugs elevates the amount of monoamine neurotransmitters available for release?

MAOIs

PCP and ketamine act on the postsynaptic cell by:

acting as an uncompetitive antagonist at the NMDA receptor

A secondary consequence of NMDA receptor antagonism is _______ presynaptic glutamate release, which may result from _______ of receptors on inhibitory GABAergic interneurons that innervate the cortical neurons.

increased; blockade

Which hypothesis was developed after it was shown that the effects of high doses of ketamine are similar to symptoms of schizophrenia?

A major factor in schizophrenia is hypoactivity of the glutamatergic system, particularly NMDA receptor signaling

Self-administration studies in animals have shown that:

both PCP and ketamine are highly reinforcing for several species

A change observed in the brains of people with schizophrenia is:

disorganized arrangement of hippocampal cells

Which model of schizophrenia integrates the neurochemical data with the neuroanatomical findings concerning the disorder?

The neurodevelopmental model

Which of the following is associated with the neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia?

High mesolimbic DA activity following mesocortical cell loss may explain the dramatic positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Which statement about glutamate and DA in regard to symptoms associated with schizophrenia is true?

Insufficient glutamate at the NMDA receptor may be a precursor to DA dysfunction and may explain increases in mesolimbic DA and decreases in PFC function

Match the antipsychotic drug effect to the DA pathway it is related to: Effects on positive symptoms, Effects on cognitive and negative symptoms, Motor side effects, Neuroendocrine side effects

Effects on positive symptoms: mesolimbic pathway

Effects on cognitive and negative symptoms: mesocortical pathway

Motor side effects: nigrostriatal pathway

Neuroendocrine side effects:tuberohypophyseal pathway

The effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in reducing positive symptoms is due to:

dopamine receptor antagonism

Which of the following is true regarding the monoamine hypothesis of depression?

Depression is associated with low levels of monoamines

Most antidepressants _______ 5-HT by _______ reuptake through SERT.

increase; blocking