Vocabulary for Unit 4 MWH Test

1517

beginning of Protestant Reformation in Europe

Martin Luther

German priest, wrote 95 Theses calling out Catholic Church, started Protestant Reformation

Indulgences

said to remove penalties for sin, sold by Church

95 Theses

written by Martin Luther, document about various abuses within Roman Catholic Church

John Calvin

created Calvinism, a belief involving Protestant ideas and: predestination, law and social control, laying control of the Church

Predestination

predetermined to go to heaven/hell

Anglicanism

did not originate with Luther - came out of Henry VIII’s fight with the Pope, Protestant principles later adopted, but mixed with more traditional Catholic-esque practices

Thirty Years’ War

European conflict involving Catholic vs Protestant

Counter-Reformation

Church changed their techniques by establishing new orders and improving behavior

Jesuits

leading Christian brotherhood sought to revive Catholic Church

Virgin of Guadalupe

dark skinned Virgin Mary, appeared to Indigenous person (Juan Diego)

Transculturation

the merging/intertwining of separate cultures

Neo-Confucianism

Confucian frame work with Buddhist and Daoist ideas added to it

Wang Yangming

influential thinker, believed “intuitive moral knowledge exists in people”

Bhakti

devotional form of Hinduism, connected Hinduism and Islam

Mirabai

beloved bhakti poet, woman who ran away from high caste and Hindu practices to write poetry that signifies her wanting to connect to Krishna

Sikhism

combination of Hindu and Islamic elements, founded by Guru Nanak, proclaims brotherhood of all humans and quality of men and women

Scientific Revolution

a vast intellectual and cultural transformation, created new ideas that challenged Christian beliefs of Europe and became widely spread throughout the world

1543

publication date of Corpernicus’ book: On The Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres and death of Copernicus

Copernicus

Polish mathematician and astronomer, argued how the earth orbited with the other planets around the sun and wrote it in his novel On The Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

written by Corpernicus, argued that the earth revolved around the sun with the other planets, debunked tradition idea that all planets and sun revolved around the earth

Kepler

German mathematician, demonstrated how all planets orbits are not perfectly circular

Galileo

italian astronomer, improved the telescope (starting the debate of the nature of the cosmos)

Newton

Englishman who formulated modern laws of motion and mechanics, believed in universal gravitational laws

The Principia

book by Isaac Newton about the laws of motion

The Enlightenment

age when people believed they could focus on reason, apply science to society and human affairs, believing in natural laws, and improving society with (social) science

Reason

based off of skepticism (critique accepted ideas, tradition, etc.) and observation (empirical evidence)

Adam Smith

Scottish professor who created laws to operate the economy (believing it would be useful for society)

John Locke

English philosopher who offered principles for constructing constitutional government (contract between rulers and rules created by human ingenuity)

Voltaire

French writer, deist, religiously intolerant

Deism

belief system that believed in abstract and remote deity who created the world and set it in motion but was not personal

Wollstonecraft

British writer and feminist, attacked Rousseau's claim and believed women should have education

Montesquieu

French Enlightenment philosopher, advocated for checks and balances in central government to prevent tyranny of a single ruler

Checks and balances

the separation of powers, created by Montesquieu

Rousseau

Enlightenment thinker who believed women should not have education, believed in children having less education and more immersion in nature (thought it taught self-reliance and generosity)

Geocentric/Ptolemaic theory

traditional view that the earth was the center of the universe and the sun revolved around the earth

Heliocentric/Copernican theory

the view that the earth revolved around the sun by Copernicus