Final Flashcards

Type-token ratio

A measure of lexical diversity that can be influenced by context.

• calculates type divided by token multiplied by 100

Self-talk

20-30% of 4 year old utterances but decreases after age 10

• reflects pragmatic development

Theory of Mind

The ability to understand that others have thoughts, beliefs, and perspectives different from one's own, impacts child conversation skills

Register

Styles of speaking that manipulate pitch and loudness

Elliptical response

A type of response where key information is omitted but understood from context.

Types of directives/requests

Categories of requests made in communication, including direct, indirect, and conventional requests.

Terms of deixis

Words or phrases, such as 'here', 'there', 'this', and 'that', that depend on the context of the speaker and listener.

Narratives vs. conversation

Narratives are structured stories with a plot, while conversations are informal exchanges of ideas.

Centering vs. chaining

Centering refers to maintaining a topic during conversation, while chaining involves connecting ideas in a sequential manner.

Bilingual vs. monolingual child lexicon

The vocabulary and word use differences between children who speak two languages and those who speak one.

Factors influencing bilingual language development

Elements such as age of exposure, frequency of use, and language environment that affect how bilingual children develop their language skills.

Syntactic development in school-age years

The growth of a child's ability to use complex sentence structures and understand grammar as they enter school.

Intrasentential development

The progression of combining clauses within a single sentence as part of language development.

Types of narratives

Various forms of storytelling, such as personal recounts, fictional tales, and cultural myths.

Conversational repair skills

At about 2.5 years, children can signal confusion with expressions, and between 2.5-3 years, able to identify a communication partner’s confusion and adapt

General receptive lexicon by age group

The average number of words and phrases that children understand at different ages.

Elements of story grammar

Components that make up a story, including setting, characters, events, and resolution.

Example of vowel shift

A systematic change in vowel pronunciation, often seen in dialects or language evolution.

Multiple-meaning words

Words that have more than one meaning, depending on context.

Figurative language

Language that uses figures of speech, such as metaphors and similes, to convey meanings beyond the literal.

Adolescent vowel development

The changes in pronunciation and use of vowels that occur during teenage years.

Metalinguistic judgement

The ability to reflect on and understand the nature and function of language.

Learning to read vs. reading to learn vs. reading for viewpoints

Different purposes for reading: acquiring basic reading skills, understanding content, or analyzing perspectives.

Phases of reading and writing

Stages of development in literacy, including emerging, developing, and fluent levels.

Purpose of graphic organizers

Visual tools used to organize and represent knowledge or concepts structurally.

Shading

The technique of adding depth or nuance to drawings or illustrations.

Lexical development in adulthood

Changes and expansions in vocabulary that occur throughout adulthood.

Language abilities that decline in older adulthood

Diminished skills in language comprehension, vocabulary, and pragmatic abilities that often accompany aging.

Describe expository writing

Writing that explains, informs, or describes a specific topic clearly and logically.

How adults adapt speech to context

The ability of adults to modify their language style and content based on the audience and setting.

Anticipatory coarticulation

The phenomenon where the articulation of sounds is influenced by subsequent sounds in speech.

Expressive vs. receptive language

Expressive language involves producing language (speaking/writing), while receptive language involves understanding language (listening/reading). Examples include expressing thoughts and ideas for expressive language, and following instructions for receptive language.

What is a Type?

Distinct words, number of different words used

What is a Token?

Total number of words used

How is Type Token Ratio used?

Can be used to monitor changes in the use of vocabulary items in children with underdeveloped vocabulary and/or word finding difficulties 

Register with younger children

Age 4 child using child directed speech with younger children, and may use more imperatives with younger playmates

Register and game play

Using different “voices” while playing (might change MLU in character)

Pre-K onversational repair

Use general questions like “What?” or “Huh?”

What is presupposition and developmental skill does presupposition require

Making background assumptions about and adapting to listener knowledge; Theory of Mind