Ecology Exam 3

+/-

Predation, Parasitism, and Herbivory are all examples of ______ interactions.

Lethal Effects

consumer directly kills prey/host

Sublethal Effects

Consumer reduces capability of prey/host, but does not kill it.

-/-

Competition is an example of a _______ Interaction.

Intraspecific competition

Competition within a species for a given resourceInter

Interspecific Competition

Competition between multiple species for a given resource.

+/+

Mutualisms are an example of a _____ Interaction.

Mutualism

A relationship between 2+ species which benefits everybody.

Generalists

A species which interacts with very many species

Specialists

A species interacts with very few other species

Obligate Mutualists

a species which must have a mutualism with another species to survive

Facultative mutualists

a species which benefits another, but does not need it to survive

+/0

Commensalism is an example of a _____ Interactio

Commensalism

A species benefits another, but is not affected itself

-/0

Amensalism is an example of a ______ interaction

Amensalism

A species hurts another species, but is not affected itself.

Top-down limitation

A trophic level’s species abundance is regulated by the existence of predators

Bottom up Limitation

A trophic level’s species abundance is regulated by the existence of prey

Competitive Exclusion Principle

no 2 species can coexist on the same limiting resource

Lotka-Volterra Competition Equations

A statistical way of seeing if 2 species can coexist

intraspecific

Coexistence is highest when _____ competition is more prevalent.

Competitive Ability

ability of a species to effectively gather and use a resource

Resource Niche

distribution of resources used

greater

When species 1 is a better competitor for resources, a(2,1) is (greater/less) than 1.

Parasite

an organism which lives on or in another organism and consumes its resources

Ectoparasite

A parasite which lives on the outside of an organism

Endoparasite

A parasite which lives on the inside of a host organism

Intracellular

endoparasites which live within the cells of the host

Intercellular

endoparasites which live between cells of the host

Vertical Transmission

a method of transmitting disease which involves a parent passing it to their offspring

Horizontal Transmission

a method of transmitting disease which involves 2 individuals passing it between one another

Healthy Herd Hypothesis

a hypothesis which states that predators reduce parasite prevalence by preying on infected individuals

Dilution Effect

States that greater biodiversity prevents parasite prevalence by reducing amount of potential hosts in a total population

Susceptible

What does S stand for in the SIR Outbreak Model

Infected

What does I stand for in the SIR Outbreak Model

Resistant

What does R stand for in the SIR Outbreak Model

R0

Used in SIR models, denotes the amount of new people infected per new case of a disease reported

RE

Used in SIR models, denotes the amount of people infected over time

Herd Immunity

Proportion of the population which must be resistant to an infection for infection rates to start declining

Detection, Identification

In Lotka-Volterra models of predator-prey interactions, the encounter rate is composed of _____ and _____

Approach, subjugation

In Lotka-Volterra models of predator-prey interactions, the capture efficiency is composed of _____ and _____

Consumption

In Lotka-Volterra models of predator-prey interactions, the conversion efficiency is composed of _____

Detection

In Predatory Components, _____ describes how predators must first find their prey.

Identification

In Predatory Components, _____ describes how predators must distinguish between good and bad prey and decide what is worth the effort

Approach

In Predatory Components, _____ describes how predators must get to their prey without detection

Subjugation

In Predatory Components, _____ describes how predators must capture prey without suffering injury

Consumption

In Predatory Components, _____ describes how predators must receive benefit from capture, such as eating their prey.

population increase-capture efficiency x mortality

What is the Lotka-Volterra Model for prey?

birth rate x capture efficency-death

What is the Lotka-Volterra Model for predators?

Character Displacement

evolutionary differences in species due to resource competition

Competitive exclusion Principle

The principle which states that no 2 species can coexist on the same resource

Mutualism

a positive interaction between 2 species where each benefit

Symbiosis

ANY relationship between 2 species living in proximity to one another

Mycorrhizal Fungi

fungi that surrounds plant roots and help plants obtain water & nutrients

ectomycorrhizal fungi

mycorrhizal fungi which surround the roots of plants and do not enter root cells

endomycorrhizal fungi

mycorrhizal fungi which surround the roots of plants and enter root cells

Defensive Mutualisms

a mutualistic relationship in which one species receives food to shelter from another species in return for defense

Dispersive Mutualism

A mutualism which involves animals transporting seeds or pollen in exchange for nutrients

1. environmental change

2. resource change

What are 2 factors which can change a mutualism into a parasitism?

Coevolution

a change in the genes fo 1 species initiates or pressures the change in the genes in another speceis.

principles of coevolution

1. frequency of interaction

2. reciprocal impact on fitness

   1. evolutionary potential

Morphological Species

group of individuals physically distinct from other individuals

Biological Species

a group of species which can interbreed amongst themselves, not amongst other groups

Phylogenetic Species

A group of individuals which share unique DNA and evolutionary history

Species richness

number of species in a given landscape

Species Evenness

How evenly distributed some species is in a given landscape

Alpha Diversity

A way of measuring diversity which involves measuring the number of species in one local area

Gamma Diversity

a way of measuring diversity which involves measuring the total number of species across a landscape of multiple local areas

Beta Diversity

a way of measuring diversity which involves dividing gamma diversity by the mean of the alpha diversities

Ecotone

The areas in which two landscapes meet

Interdependent communities

The communities theory that some species function as correlating superorganisms

Independent Communities

The communities theory that some species function as individuals within a community, and that communities are formed by chance.

Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis

The theory that habitats which experience mid0range levels of habitat disturbance maximizes species diversity.Habi

Trophic Cascade

occurs when the rate of consumption at one trophic level changes species abundance or distribution at another trophic level

Coral Atoll

a ring-shaped coral reef encasing a lagoon; a result of volcanic activity

Succession

A change in community structure over time; primarily due to disaster or resurgence

Primary Succession

development of communities in habitats which do not have plants and soil- this is regenerating a landscape from bare rock

Secondary Succession

Occurs when communities regenerate from some life- even if habitat has been decimated

Seral Stage

each stage of development used to describe succession

Climax community

final seral stage in succession

Facilitation

mechanism of succession in which the presence of 1 species will increase the likelihood another will appear

Inhibition

mechanism of succession in which the presence of 1 species will decrease the likelihod another will appear

Facilitation hypothesis

The hypothesis that early colonizers modify the environment in ways which benefit other species

Inhibition Hypothesis

Hypothesis that early colonizers modify the environment in ways which do not benefit following species

Edcological Resistance

Strength of disturbance needed for a shift in stability

Can

When a change in conditions are linear or somewhat nonlinear, the environmental impact (can/cannot) be predicted by environmental factors

cannot

When a change in conditions are very nonlinear, the environmental impact (can/cannot) be predicted by environmental factors

Hysteresis

A delay in response to forward and backward directions of change

Gross Primary Production

total energy assimilated by primary producers

Respiration

energy consumed by producers for maintenance and biosynthesis

Net Ecosystem Production

energy not consumed by producers for maintenance or biosynthesis

Net Primary Production

energy accumulated by primary producers

Standing Crop

biomass of producers in an ecosystem at a given time

types of competition

alpha coefficients explain what in Lotka-Volterra?

intraspecific

an alpha<1 means ____ competition has a greater effect on fitness

Interspecific

an alpha>1 means ____ competition has a greater effect on fitness