T4a - Regenerating places

What the 4 types of places?

• Near places

• Far places

• Experienced places

• Media places (seen on the media & have an opinion)

What are the 4 functions of a place that matter?

• Administrative (making decisions on how to organize surrounding areas so have a large influence)

• Commercial (Strong business influence with many TNCs)

• Retail (Attractive retail facilities like markets, shopping centers)

• Industrial (Where economy & reputation is based on industrial capacity)W

What is the difference between a commercial and retail area?

A commercial area is more varied & diversified in services & banking whereas a retail area is just for direct sales shops

What is an insider and what are their characteristics?

Insider - People who feel at home within a place

Characteristics

• Born in the place

• Hold citizenship

• Fluent & conform with idioms

• Conform with social norms

What is an outsider and what are their characteristics?

Outsider - A person not from the area

Characteristics

• Don’t belong to the main ethnic group

• Not accustom with the culture, social norms & dialect

• Hard to find particular foods from their country of origin

• The architecture & vehicles

This changes as a family becomes more accustom to the area, their kids will be more accustom

What is the primary sector?

• Collection of raw materials like mining

• Production of essential goods like fishing

• It is the most essential sector as the population relies on food, electricity and water

• Labour intensive giving physical health risks

• Mental health risks from repetitive work like isolation and depression

What is the secondary sector?

• Manufacturing of raw materials into commercial goods & machinery

• More regular income than primary as it is working in a factory

• Can be liable to exploitation from long hours & dangerous chemicals

• A victim of mechanisation

What is the tertiary sector?

• Services like education, managing a business or selling a product

• More progression & promotions

• Office-based with regulated hours and limited outdoor interaction

What is the quaternary sector?

• Technology based employment

• Scientific research, finance IT & programming

• Skill demanding & you need a degree normally

• Can be office-based so limited environmental & social interactions

What is the Clarke-Fisher model?

Illustrates how a country’s employment structure changes over time as a country develops

Pre-industrial

• Primary sector jobs, small percentage in the secondary industry

• Lacking infrastructure of investment so a country can’t construct factories & establish a manufacturing industry

Industrial

• Employees in the primary sector declines as land is taken up by manufacturing

• More imports

• Rural-urban migration occurs as families seek a better QoL

Post-industrial

• Primary decreases significantly

• Secondary declines but at a slower rate

• Large increase in tertiary & quaternary sectors

  • Due to the demand for entertainment from disposable income increasing

What is place character?

The specific qualities, attributes or features of a location that make it unique

What is an endogenous factor?

A factor that originates within the place

Examples

• Land use

• Topography

• Infrastructure

• Demographic

• Location

• Economic characteristics

What is an exogenous factor?

A factor that originates outside a place & links to other places

Examples

• Investment

• Migration

• Resources

• Knowledge & information

How do characteristics of a location change from endogenous and exogenous factors?

• Proximity to large cities encourage economic development

• Reputation of an area influences investment

• Infrastructure allows flows of people & goods to increase

• TNCs relocating to certain regions leads to competition

• Government strategies to restructure the economy may change like increasing students or less reliance on domestic food

• The function may change (administrative, commercial, retail or industrial)

How can you measure changes in a location?

• Index of Multiple Deprivation

• Land use changes

• Employment changes

• Migration patterns

• Economic productivity

What is inequality?

The unequal distribution of something

What are examples of inequality?

• Income - Employment sectors, seasonal vs reliable, skills & education required for each role

• Life expectancy & general health - type of employment, affordability of food, stereotypical lifestyles

• Educational achievement - Linked to income, low income parents are more likely to get their children working early

What are examples of regeneration strategies in the UK?

• Infrastructure - HS2, Heathrow expansion

• Retail - Liverpool water, Whitefriars

• Culture - Glastonbury for music, Notting hill Carnival, New Year fireworks in London

• Housing - like Milton Keynes

• Sustainable communities - BedZED

4 government departments and how they can be involved in regeneration:

• Local councils - Improve their borough by attracting new businesses & increasing housing & rebranding

• Department for culture, media and sport (markets the UKs image) - Sporting events to make the UK look modern & visitable like Olympics

• DEFRA (improve declining rural villages) - Protect eroding coastlines, bring investment, improve the agricultural industry

• UK Trade & Investment - Attract FDI & workers

Give 2 examples of UK infrastructure projects:

HS2

• High speed rail network from London to Birmingham then Manchester then Leeds

• Expected to cost £43Bn

• Gone over budget already and not functional for 20 years

• Estimated 60,000 jobs to be created

Expansion of Heathrow

• 3rd runway

• £20Bn privately funded

• 70,000 new jobs

• Many MPs, locals, NGOs opposite it for increasing traffic & pollution

What are the benefits & costs of infrastructure regneration?

Benefits

• Lots of jobs especially in construction

• Improves everything else like migration, trade, FDI etc

Costs

• Lots of money

• Price of supplies may change

• Not sustainable & wont have everyone on board

4 reasons for social & affordable housing decreasing:

• Thatcher’s Right to Buy scheme had lots of social housing bought less than market value

• Empty & derelict properties sit on brownfield land where it is more expensive to develop so private investors sit on land for land price

• Overseas investors buying properties which are then left empty or rented out

• More affluent people buy second properties to rent out & the rise of airbnb

What are the benefits and costs of housing construction?

Benefits

• Fixes a major issue in the UK

• Construction jobs are created

• Affordable housing caters for all people

Costs

• Greenfield developments are more profitable so environments are damaged

• Limited projects still

• To be affordable it can be up to 80% of the average house price which changes by area and can stop it from being ‘affordable’ and just cheaper

What is gentrification?

Renovating deteriorating buildings or areas to attract rich people or businesses

What is the trickle-down theory of gentrification?

• Investors will spend money in services & local businesses

• Workers may spend this disposable income on other businesses

• Investors and businesses will pay more tax so the local council gets more money

Benefits and costs of gentrification:

Benefits

• Economic growth from the trickle-down effect

• The local council gets more money

Costs

• Lack of variety in housing so first-time buyers don’t benefit

• Gentrification schemes don’t build social housing so it is still an issue

What are the benefits & costs of rebranding?

Benefits

• Uses disused land

• Benefits everyone normally from more footfall to the area

Costs

• Can take a long time

• Expensive & needs lots of planning

• Can be disruptive to locals

Why are rural areas more deprived than urban areas?

• Lack of opportunities for young people

• Lack of education

• Social isolation of minority groups

• Physical isolation from services & public transport

• Primary industry has declined

How does government policy change the economy at a national & local scale?

• Encouraging migration will fill gaps in employment & attract investment

• Restricting migration will avoid strain on public services & housing

• Deregulating markets will allow privatisation to occur and increase competition in that industry

• More industry parks will encourage businesses to move to an area, investors will be attracted to that region

How can you measure regeneration?

• Economically compare employment rates, economies size, industrial productivity

• Socially compare life expectancy, literacy rates, less social housing need, less social tension, changes to lifestyle

• Environmentally, reduced air pollution, less abandoned land

• Sustainably, volume of co2 emitted, proportion of green:brownfield land used, jobs created, benefits to locals