Overview of the Nervous System

These flashcards cover the key concepts related to the structure and function of the nervous system as discussed in the lecture.

Function of the Nervous System

The nervous system is designed to detect changes in the internal and external environment, evaluate, interpret that information, and then respond accordingly.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Consists of the brain and spinal cord, where it receives, processes, and responds to information.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Includes all nerves outside the central nervous system; consists of arms, legs, and other nerves.

Afferent Neurons

Sensory neurons that carry signals toward the central nervous system.

Efferent Neurons

Motor neurons that carry signals away from the central nervous system to muscles and glands.

Myelin Sheath

A protective covering made of satellite cells in the peripheral nervous system and oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system.

Multipolar Neuron

A neuron with several dendrites and one axon; includes most neurons in the brain and spinal cord.

Bipolar Neuron

A neuron with two extensions; found in sensory areas such as the eye, ear, and nose.

Unipolar Neuron

A neuron with a single process that extends from the cell body; always sensory and conducts impulses toward the CNS.

Glial Cells

Helper cells in the nervous system, which include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells.

Astrocytes

The most abundant glial cells, forming the blood-brain barrier in the CNS.

Oligodendrocytes

Glial cells found in the CNS that myelinate axons.

Schwan Cells

Glial cells in the peripheral nervous system that also myelinate axons.

Interneuron

Neurons that connect other neurons within the central nervous system.

Nervous Tissue Components

Includes dendrites, cell body, and axon.

What is the overall structure of the nervous system?

Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves

Which type of neuron has two extensions branching off of the cell body?

Multipolar

Anaxonal

Bipolar

Unipolar

Bipolar

Voltage-gated channels open in response to:

Only sodium ions

Any ion

A particular voltage

Any stimulus

A particular voltage

What are the three parts of a neuron?

Pole

Dendrite

Axon
Connective tissue

Cell body
Sarcomeres

Dendrite, Axon, Cell body

Unipolar neurons are always motor neurons, delivering information.

True

False

False

The two ions that are involved with entering and exiting the neuron plasma membrane down the length of an axon are:

Calcium and phosphorous 

Potassium and sodium

Sodium and calcium 

Calcium and potassium 

Potassium and sodium

The mechanism for moving sodium and potassium ions across the neuron plasma membrane is: 

Dialysis

Endo and Exocytosis

Active transport pumps

Simple diffusion

Active transport pumps

A neuron at rest has moved Potassium ions to the outside of the plasma membrane. 

True

False

False

For the neuron to establish its resting membrane potential, energy use is required. 

False

True

True

What is a membrane potential? 

A measurement between 2 sides of the cell

the possibility of a neuron being able to work properly. 

The number of ions outside the cell minus the number of ions inside the cell.

The percent difference between ions on the outside of the cell and ions on the inside of the cell.

A measurement between 2 sides of the cell

Functions of the nervous system

Control, communication, and integration

Communication of the nervous system

Sending messages, Cells in the NS send messages to cells in other systems

control of the nervous system

Regulation of body functions, The NS regulates a number of body functions (important in maintaining homeostasis)

integration of the nervous system

Unification of body functions, Allows the body to function as a unit

what is the yellow line (side)?

right cerebral hemisphere

What is the green line? (line down the middle)

longitudial fissure

what is the blue line? (side)

left cerebral hemisphere

What is the purple line? (raised area)

gyri

what is the red line? (groove)

sulci

What is the blue line? (lobe)

parietal lobe

What is the yellow line? (lobe)

temporal lobe

Broca’s area

The area of the brain that is used for speech. Located on the left side of the brain

parietal

somatic (skeletal muscle movement) sensory info from skin and muscles arrives here, and its located in the parietal lobe

temporal lobe

auditory and olfactory area (smell)

what is the light green line?

olfactory nerve

what is the green line? (lobe)

occipital lobe

what is the blue line ? (lobe)

frontal lobe

what is the green line? (lobe)

temporal lobe

what is the red line?

cerebral cortex

what is the blue line?

fornix

Is the pituitary part of the brain?

Yes, it is part of the brains anatomy. It hangs below the brain which can be confusing.

What is the purple line?

corpus callosum

What is the green line?

septum pellucidum

what is the teal line? (white)

cerebral tracts

what is the blue line? (deep groove)

transverse fissure

what is the dark green line? (specific side)

left cerebellar hemisphere

what is the dark blue line? (raised part)

convulsions

what is the light green line?(specific side)

right cerebellar hemisphere

what is the red line? (groove)

sulcus

what are the purple lines?

vermis

what is the blue line?

arbor vitae

what is the red lines?

cerebellar pundcles

what is the green line?

pineal body

what is the blue line?

thalamus

what part of the brain has vomiting?

medulla oblongota

what is the brown line?

hypothalamus

what is the red line?

mamillary body

what is the green line? (top part)

superior colliculi

what is the red line? (bottom part)

inferior colliculi

what is the yellow line? (division)

midbrain

what is the light blue line? (division)

medulla oblongota

what is the yellow line? (whole structure)

corpora quadregima

what is the purple line? (division)

pons

what is the light blue line? (space)

3rd ventricle

what is the green line? (space)

central aqueduct

what is the dark blue line? (space)

4th ventricle

what is the red line? (space)

central canal

what is the purple line? (space)

lateral ventricles

what is the olfactory (I) nerve?

sensory nerve that detects smell

what is the optic (II) nerve?

sensory nerve that aids in vision

what is the oculomotor (III) nerve?

motor nerve that aids in motor movement of eyeballs

what is the trochlear (IV) nerve?

motor nerve that aids in eye movement of superior oblique

what is the trigeminal (V) nerve?

it is both a sensory and motor nerve, deals with facial sensations and mastication (chewing)

what is the abducens (VI) nerve?

motor nerve that moves the eye in the lateral rectus

what is the medium blue line? (44)

optic nerve

what is the yellow line?

oculomotor nerve

What is the purple line?

trigeminal nerve

what is the light blue line? (49)

trochlear nerve

what is the green line? (54)

abducens nerve

is the Somatic Sensory Division afferent or efferent?

afferent

is the Somatic Motor Division afferent or efferent?

efferent

is the Visceral Sensory Division afferent or efferent?

afferent

is the Sympathetic Division efferent or afferent?

efferent

is the Parasympathetic Division afferent or efferent

afferent

Endocrine and nervous system share systems:

they share Communication, Control, and Integration, they differ in how they communicate, control, and integrate: Nerve Impulses – Rapid, short-lasting, Hormones – Slow, long-lasting

neurons

Conduct nerve impulses (NI), We have about 100 Billion. Structure: Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm, Cytoskeleton, Microtubules, Microfilaments, Neurofibrils, Mitochondria, vesicles with neurotransmitters

cell body of neuron

Largest part of neuron, Contains nucleus and typical organelles, Contains Nissl Bodies, Rough ER of neurons (protein synthesis)

Way to remember the nerves

oh once one takes the anatomy final very good vacations are heavenly

processes (nerve fibers)

Threadlike extensions from cell body, Two types: dendrites and axons

dendrites

One or more per neuron (short), Conduct NI toward cell bod

axon

One per neuron (Long) Conduct NI away from cell body

axon collateral

Side branches: Can have one or more, Divide into Telodendria, Telodendria (terminal branches) terminate into SYNAPTIC KNOBS (terminal ends-bulges)

impulse conduction pathway

The impulse is conducted one-way on a neuron. A nerve impulse is conducted from dendrites to the cell body to the axon and to the synaptic knobs

resting membrane potential RMP

Resting Membrane Potential (RMP) refers to the resting state of the neuron (when it is not conducting a nerve impulse) RMP for neurons: The outer surface of the plasma membrane contains a slight excess of positive ions compared to the inner surface, The membrane is said to be polarized, and more positive at

this point

factors of RMP

Factors contributing to the neuron’s RMP- Large negative proteins can’t cross the membrane – this makes inside negative, Most Na+ channels are closed, so Na+ can’t re-enter the cell, The Na+/K+ Pump is pumping 3 Na+ out, and 2 K+ in, K+ can diffuse back out, but Na+ can’t diffuse back in This maintains positive charge outside