MIC 2050 CHAPTER 31- MILTON

through small respiratory droplets expelled when someone coughs, sneezes, laughs, or otherwise exhales

how are airborne pathogens transmitted?

non-enveloped airborne pathogens like norovirus

which airborne pathogens survive the longest on surfaces and why?

streptococcal pharyngitis. (throat)

what disease does S. pyogenes cause?

streptolysin O (SLO) and streptolysin S (SLS), which are hemolysins, as well as streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins (SpeA, SpeB, SpeC, etc.), which are superantigens.

what toxins does S. pyogenes produce?

through laboratory tests, most commonly a rapid antigen detection test (RADT) or a throat culture. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, with penicillin being the first-line drug.

how do we diagnose S. pyogenes and what is the treatment?

pneumonia

what disease does S. pneumoniae cause?

they are harder to kill because they are encapsulated strains

S. pneumoniae capsules

pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine

vaccines that have capsular polysaccharides that are the same that the bacteria produce for people over 50

a severe respiratory disease that typically infects children

what disease does Diphtheria cause?

diphtheria toxin

what toxins does Diphtheria produce?

DTaP- under 7

Tdap- adolescents and adults

Td- booster for adults who have already received the vaccine

what is the vaccine for Diphtheria?

whooping cough, a highly contagious respiratory infection.

what disease does Pertussis cause?

-DTaP

-Tdap

what is the vaccine for Pertussis?

Robert Koch

who discovered Tuberculosis

they are acid-fast because of the way mycolic acid content of their cell walls

what makes Mycobacterium different than other bacteria?

infectious disease that primarily affects the lungs

what disease does Tuberculosis cause?

primary (children) infection refers to the initial infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Secondary (adults) TB, also known as reactivation or reinfection TB, occurs after a period of dormancy, when the infection reactivates, often in individuals with weakened immune systems

what is the primary vs secondary infection in TB

antibiotics for 6 to 9 months and if its inactive antibiotics for 3 to 6 months

what is the treatment for Tuberculosis

chronic infectious disease that primarily affects the skin and nerves.

what disease does leprosy cause?

a combination of antibiotics, typically a multi-drug therapy (MDT) regimen

what is the treatment for leprosy?

inflammation of the meninges (membranes that line the central nervous system, the spinal cord and brain)

what is meningitis?

bacterial meningitis

What disease does Neisseria meningitidis cause?

tissue damage (a condition characterized by intravascular coagulation and tissue destruction

what is meningococcemia?

Meningococcal vaccines

what is the vaccine for Neisseria meningitidis?

antibiotics, most commonly penicillin or ceftriaxone

what is the treatment for Neisseria meningitidis?

measles

what disease is caused by the measles?

primarily supportive and focuses on managing symptoms and preventing complications.

what is the treatment for measles?

acute parotitis (inflammation of the parotid salivary glands)

what disease is caused by mumps?

Treatment focuses on alleviating symptoms and preventing complications until the infection runs its course, usually within a week or two

what is the treatment for mumps?

german measles

what disease is caused by rubella?

no specific treatment because it is a viral infection

what is the treatment for rubella?

varicella-zoster virus

what causes chicken pox and shingles?

chicken pox and shingles

what disease does varicella-zoster virus cause?

chicken pox- varicella

shingles- shingrix

what is the vaccine for chicken pox and shingles?

a painful rash caused by the reactivated varicella-zoster virus, the same virus that causes chickenpox

what is shingles and why do people get it?

rhinitis, nasal obstruction, watery nasal discharges, and malaise

symptoms of rhinovirus?

focuses on symptom relief and supportive care

treatment of rhinovirus?

Most antiviral drugs are ineffective against the common cold

why isn't there a vaccine for rhinovirus?

fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, and fatigue

symptoms of influenza?

antigentic drift- a gradual, continuous change in the virus's surface proteins (antigens) mainly hemagglutinin and neuraminidase

antigentic shift- a sudden, major change in the virus's surface antigens

influenza antigentic drift vs. shift?

Fluzone High-Dose inactivated flu vaccine, Flublok recombinant flu vaccine, and Fluad adjuvanted inactivated flu vaccine

vaccines for influenza?

epidemics and pandemics that occur periodically

what are there outbreaks for influenza?

acne, boils, pimples, impetigo, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, carditis, meningitis, and arthritis

what disease does staphylococcus aureus cause?

adhesins, toxins, enzymes, and immunomodulators

what are the virulence factors of staphylococcus aureus?

a serious illness caused by toxins produced by certain strains of Staphylococcus aureus

toxic shock syndrome of staphylococcus aureus?

type of staph that can be resistant to several antibiotics

MRSA (methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus)

causes mild or, rarely, severe cases of liver disease

Hepatitis A

causes acute, often severe disease that can lead to liver failure and death

Hepatits B

produces a mild disease initially, but most individuals develop chronic hepatitis that can lead to chronic liver disease

Hepatitis C

cirrhosis of the liver

what disease does Hepatitis cause?

a defective virus that cannot replicate and express a complete virus unless the cell is also infected with Hepatitis B

Hepatitis D

A, B, and C

what are the most popular types of Hepatitis

causes an acute, self-limiting hepatitis that varies in severity

Hepatitis E

through various routes, including contaminated food and water for Hepatitis A and E, and through contact with infected blood or body fluids for Hepatitis B, C, and D

how does hepatitis spread?

only available for A and B and it is called Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B vaccine

what is the vaccine for hepatitis?

filamentous virus

Filovirus (Ebola)

viral hemorrhagic fever, specifically Ebola virus disease (EVD) and Marburg virus disease (MVD)

what disease does filovirus (Ebola) cause?

the ease by which Ebola is transmitted made a public education campaign about the dangers of Ebola just as important as dealing with the morbidity and mortality of the outbreak

why is filovirus (Ebola) such a problem?

supportive care, focusing on managing symptoms like fever, dehydration, and bleeding

what is the treatment for filovirus?

Neisseria meningitidis

what other bacteria is gonorrhea realated to?

painful urination and abnormal discharge from the penis or vagina. Men may experience testicular pain and women may experience pain in the lower belly

what are the symptoms of gonorrhea?

erythromycin ophthalmic ointment in their eyes to prevent gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum (GON)

what do they give to newborns because of gonorrhea?

bacterium Treponema pallidum

what bacteria causes syphilis?

-Primary syphilis involves a painless sore called a chancre.

-Secondary syphilis is characterized by a skin rash, swollen lymph nodes, fever, and other symptoms.

-tertiary syphilis, which can occur years after the initial infection, is characterized by organ damage, including the heart and brain.

progression of syphilis. primary, secondary, and tertiary

a key sign of primary syphilis

chancres

Penicillin

treatment for syphilis?

prevalent STI

Chlamydia is the most?

genital pain and discharge from the vagina or penis

symptoms of chlamydia?

Antibiotic therapy

treatment of chlamydia?

HSV-1 and HSV-2

what are the two different forms of Herpes

-HSV-1:infects the epithelial cells around the mouth and lips

-HSV-2: infections are associated primarily with anogenital region

HSV-1 vs. HSV-2

antiviral medications such as acyclovir or valacyclovir.

treatment for herpes

warts on the genitals or surrounding skin.

HPV symptoms?

protects against human papillomavirus (HPV), a common virus spread through skin contact, usually during sex

HPV vaccine?

AIDS

what does Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) cause?

attacking and destroying CD4 T cells, which are essential for fighting infections and diseases.

how does HIV deplete your immune system?

through contact with bodily fluids containing the virus, including blood, semen, pre-seminal fluid, vaginal fluids, rectal fluids, and breast milk.

how is HIV transmitted?

HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy). a combination of drugs used to treat HIV infection, aiming to suppress the virus and prevent it from replicating

what is the treatment of HIV?

kaposi's sarcoma, an atypical cancer

what does AIDS cause?

attacking and destroying CD4 T cells, which are essential for fighting infections and diseases.

how does the AIDS virus deplete the immune system?

through contact with certain bodily fluids: blood, semen, vaginal fluids, rectal fluids, and breast milk

how is AIDS trasmitted?

ART (antiretroviral therapy) which is often referred to as HAART

what is the treatment for AIDS?