Mechanisms

what are the reagents and conditions for the halogenation of alkAnes

Reagent: Alkane and Halogen (X2)

Conditions: UV light

Name and Outline the mechanism for the reaction between CH4 and Cl2

Free radical substitution

Reagent and Conditions for the reaction of alkEnes with halogens

Reagent: alkene and halogen (X2)

Condition: 298K

Name and Outline the mechanism for the reaction between ethene and bromine

electrophilic addition

name of mechanism for the reaction of alkene with a hydrogen halide

Draw it (ethene and hydrogen bromide)

electrophilic substitution

reagent and conditions for the reaction of sulfuric acid and alkenes

Reagent: alkene + conc. H2SO4

Conditions: 298K

name and outline the mechanism for the reaction between propene and sulfuric acid

electrophilic addition

reaction between hydrogensulfate and water conditions? whats produced

conditions: phosphoric acid catalyst,

steam

reagent and conditions for the hydrogenation of alkenes

reagent: H2 (g)

condition: nickel catalyst

reaction of halogenoalkanes with OH- to form alcohols reagent and conditions

reagent: KOH or NaOH (AQUEOUS)

conditions: aqueous and warm

name and outline the mechanism for the hydrolysis of bromoethane

nucleophilic substitution

reagent and conditions for halogenoalkanes reacting with cyanide ions

Reagent: KCN

Conditions: in ethanol, warm

name and outline the mechanism for chloromethane and KCN

nucleophilic substitution

reagent and conditions for halogenoalkanes reacting with ammonia

2 roles of ammonia?

Reagent: excess ammonia

Conditions: dissolved in ethanol, warm, in a sealed tube

Roles: nucleophile, base

name and outline the mechanism for the reaction between chloromethane and excess ammonia

nucleophilic substitution

reagent and conditions for the reaction of a halogenoalkane forming an alkene

reagent: KOH or NaOH

conditions: (aq) +dissolved in ethanol + hot

name and outline the mechanism for the reaction between bromoethane and KOH(aq) ethanolic +hot

elimination

reagent and conditions for alkenes forming alcohols

reagent: H2O(g) steam

conditions: H3PO4 60atm 300*C

name and outline the mechanism for the ethene reacting with water

hydration

reagent and conditions for alcohols turning into alkenes

reagent: concentrated H2SO4 [H2SO4]

conditions: high temperature

name and outline the mechanism for the formation of but-1-ene from an butan-1-ol

elimination

when a primary alcohol is oxidised to an aldehyde,

-general equation?

-reagent and conditions?

-observations?

-apparatus?

• R-CH2OH + [O] -> RCHO + H2O

-primary alcohol + H2SO4 (aq) + K2Cr2O7

-orange -> green

-immediate distillation

when a primary alcohol is oxidised to a carboxylic acid,

-general equation?

-reagent and conditions?

-observations?

-apparatus?

• R-CH2OH + 2[O] -> R-COOH + H2O

• -primary alcohol, H2SO4(aq), K2Cr2O7

-orange -> green

-reflux

when a secondary alcohol is oxidised to a ketone,

-reagent and conditions?

-observations?

-apparatus?

• secondary alcohol, H2SO4(aq), K2Cr2O7, reflux

• orange → green

reagent, conditions and mechanism name for reduction of ketones/aldehydes to alcohols

• Reagent: NaBH4

• Conditions: Aqueous

Mechanism: nucleophilic addition

draw the mechanism for the reaction of ethanal with NaBH4(aq)

outline the mechanism for the reaction of pentan-2-one with NaBH4

nucleophilic addition

outline the mechanism for the reaction of ethanal with KCN followed by dilute HCl

nucleophilic addition

reagents and conditions for forming an ester from a carboxylic acid

reagent : alcohol + carboxylic acid

conditions: conc sulfuric acid, reflux

draw + label apparatus for vacuum filtration

draw the equation for the alkaline hydrolysis of an ester (use R and R’)

reagent conditions and observations for hydrolysis of acyl chlorides

reagent: H2O

conditions: room temp

observations: steamy white fumes

draw and whats the name of the mechanism for the reaction of acyl chlorides with water

nucleophilic addition elimination

draw the mechanism for ammonia reacting with ethanoyl chloride

mechanism name?

nucleophilic addition elimination

draw and name the mechanism for the reaction between propanoyl chloride and propan-2-ol

name and draw the mechanism for the Reaction between ethanoyl chloride and methyl amine.

general equation for when Acid anhydrides are hydrolysed in water

reagent: H2O

give the general equation for Acid anhydrides react with ammonia

form AMIDES

give the general equation for Acid anhydrides react with alcohols

form esters

give the general equation for Acid anhydrides react with primary amines

N-substituted amine

name and outline the mechanism (general) for benzene reacting with an electrophile

electrophilic substitution

reagent, conditions and general equation of the nitration of benzene

reagents: conc. HNO3 and conc. H2SO4 (catalyst)

conditions: 50°C

give the equation for the generation of the nucleophile, outline the mechanism, its name and the equation for the regeneration of the catalyst

for the

electrophilic substitution