DH202 M2 - M3 KC / M4 Q2 - Ch 16 & 18 (",)

Which control type in an experimental study will have participants switch groups after a washout period?

Quasi-experimental

Correlational

Cross-sectional

Crossover

Crossover

Studies a section of the population in a limited period of time

Crossover and split mouth controls ___________ the validity of a study because they provide "near perfect similarity".

increase

decrease

no change

remain constant

Increase

_______ measures that results are true or accurate.

As evidence increases, ________ also increases as you move up the research pyramid.

Validity

Degree to which a research study measured what it was supposed to measure (internal) and can be generalized to the entire population (external)

Which studies combine descriptive and historical research to establish patterns from the past and present to predict future occurrences?

Correlational study

Survey

Trend

Case study

All of these

Trend studies

Which of the following is a descriptive approach to research?

Correlational study

Survey

Trend

Case study

Case study approach

Descriptive approach to research -

> case study

> natural observations

> population surveys

*What publication is a compilation of cogent issues currently studied?

Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Report

Healthy People 2000

Call to Action

Healthy People 2010

None of these

Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Report

*The theory that a disease can be attributed to many factors is termed ________.

Multifactorial

Cause-and-effect

Dimensional

Naturalization

None of these

Multifactorial

- concept that more than a single cause must be present for a disease or health condition to occur, multiple causation.

Ex: bacteria present, genetic chromosomal disorders, environmental factors, nutrient deficiencies, social and economic factors, health behaviors

_________ is the consistency or reproducibility of a measurement over time.​

Reliability

Microbial agent that causes the disease or mechanical cause of the condition, the "WHAT" factor. Ex: type of bacteria, parasite, virus, fungus, or protozoa, for example, plaque biofilm, or misuse of toothpicks to injure interdental papilla.

Environmental

Agent

Host

Epidemiology

Agent

External factors that contribute to disease transmission and severity; the "WHERE" factor. Ex: Environments wherever disease factors occur such as dirty water, warm temperatures, seasons of the year, poverty, and stress, for example, the environmental conditions in the oral cavity and the social factors related to drug and tobacco use.

Environmental

Agent

Host

Epidemiology

Environmental

Organism housing the disease, the "WHO" factor of a disease or condition. Ex: humans or animals

Environmental

Agent

Host

Epidemiology

Host

The study of the amount, distribution, determinants, and control of disease and health conditions among given populations

Epidemiology

Epidemic

Etiology

*The study of disease in a target population is called ________.

Etiology

Causality

Epidemiology

Naturalization

All of these

Epidemiology

The study of the cause(s) of disease

Epidemiology

Etiology

Epidemic

Endemic

Pandemic

Surveillance

Risk factors

Incidence

Mortality

Prevalence

Index

Morbidity

Causality

Validity

Reliability

Disease rates

Etiology

Often called an "outbreak" of disease

the occurrence of disease more than normal in a specific community or region, usually occurring suddenly and spreading rapidly, "outbreak"

Ex: Nine (9) cases of measles occurred in Tarrant County, Texas in August 2013 compared to the normal rate of 0 to 2 each year.

Epidemiology

Etiology

Epidemic

Endemic

Pandemic

Surveillance

Risk factors

Incidence

Mortality

Prevalence

Index

Morbidity

Causality

Validity

Reliability

Disease rates

Epidemic

A relatively low, but constant, level of occurrence of a disease or condition in a population

A relatively low, but constant presence of disease or condition in a particular geographic region

Ex: Malaria continues to be a constant concern in parts of Africa

Epidemiology

Etiology

Epidemic

Endemic

Pandemic

Surveillance

Risk factors

Incidence

Mortality

Prevalence

Index

Morbidity

Causality

Validity

Reliability

Disease rates

Endemic

Widespread outbreak of a disease or condition across a region

an epidemic in which the disease may cross international borders to affect several countries or continents.

Ex: Over 20 million people worldwide died from influenza in 1918-1919.

Epidemiology

Etiology

Epidemic

Endemic

Pandemic

Surveillance

Risk factors

Incidence

Mortality

Prevalence

Index

Morbidity

Causality

Validity

Reliability

Disease rates

Pandemic

Methods or systems used to monitor disease and morbidity in a population

Epidemiology

Etiology

Epidemic

Endemic

Pandemic

Surveillance

Risk factors

Incidence

Mortality

Prevalence

Index

Morbidity

Causality

Validity

Reliability

Disease rates

Surveillance

Characteristics of an individual or population that may increase likelihood of experiencing a given health problem.

Epidemiology

Etiology

Epidemic

Endemic

Pandemic

Surveillance

Risk factors

Incidence

Mortality

Prevalence

Index

Morbidity

Causality

Validity

Reliability

Disease rates

Risk factors

the number of new cases of a disease or conditions over a given period of time

Rate of new cases of a disease or over a given time period is defined as?

Epidemiology

Etiology

Epidemic

Endemic

Pandemic

Surveillance

Risk factors

Incidence

Mortality

Prevalence

Index

Morbidity

Causality

Validity

Reliability

Disease rates

Incidence

The ratio of the number of deaths from a given disease or condition

Epidemiology

Etiology

Epidemic

Endemic

Pandemic

Surveillance

Risk factors

Incidence

Mortality

Prevalence

Index

Morbidity

Causality

Validity

Reliability

Disease rates

Mortality

a numerical expression of the number of all existing cases of a disease or condition measured at a given period of time

Epidemiology

Etiology

Epidemic

Endemic

Pandemic

Surveillance

Risk factors

Incidence

Mortality

Prevalence

Index

Morbidity

Causality

Validity

Reliability

Disease rates

Prevalence

A standardized method used to describe the status of an individual or group with respect to a given condition

Epidemiology

Etiology

Epidemic

Endemic

Pandemic

Surveillance

Risk factors

Incidence

Mortality

Prevalence

Index

Morbidity

Causality

Validity

Reliability

Disease rates

Index

The ratio of "sick" or affected individuals to well individuals.

Epidemiology

Etiology

Epidemic

Endemic

Pandemic

Surveillance

Risk factors

Incidence

Mortality

Prevalence

Index

Morbidity

Causality

Validity

Reliability

Disease rates

Morbidity

concept that certain exposure will result in a particular outcome

a particular exposure results in a particular outcome

Epidemiology

Etiology

Epidemic

Endemic

Pandemic

Surveillance

Risk factors

Incidence

Mortality

Prevalence

Index

Morbidity

Causality

Validity

Reliability

Disease rates

Causality

*Causality means that a particular exposure results in a particular outcome.

Consistency of a measure to present the same results when it's repeated

Epidemiology

Etiology

Epidemic

Endemic

Pandemic

Surveillance

Risk factors

Incidence

Mortality

Prevalence

Index

Morbidity

Causality

Validity

Reliability

Disease rates

Reliability

Consistency or degree to which an instrument will produce the same results on repeated trials within the same population every time the characteristic is measured.

These are often "adjusted" to make valid comparisons and detect trends

Epidemiology

Etiology

Epidemic

Endemic

Pandemic

Surveillance

Risk factors

Incidence

Mortality

Prevalence

Index

Morbidity

Causality

Validity

Reliability

Disease rates

Disease rates

*The prevention agenda for the United States is discussed in which publication?

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report

Healthy People 2010

Global Oral Data Bank

Prevention USA

None of these

Healthy People 2010

*Observational studies can be conducted to infer causality.

True

False

True

*What source contains oral epidemiological data from around the world?

Prevention International

Federation Dentaire Internationale

Global Oral Data Bank

International Federation of Dental Hygienists

None of these

Global Oral Data Bank

*A risk indicator is a modifiable attribute that is known to be associated with a health condition.

True

False

True

*Establishing risk is the same as establishing causality.

True

False

False

*Which type of approach describes and interprets current events or situations?

Ex post facto

Descriptive

Case cohort

Case control

None of these

The attempt to identify and describe the topic being researched is ________.

Objective

Analytic

Descriptive

Subjective

All of these

Descriptive

- A survey fits into this approach

- Which approach studies the meaning of past events?

· Case study

· Case control

· Descriptive

· Historical

· All of these

*Which type of research approach would involve a study of the development of the International Federation of Dental Hygienists' Association?

Case study

Historical

Descriptive

Ex post facto

Both Case study and Historical

Historical

- to determine the meaning of past events

* Which study approximates the true experimental approach but lacks the control of true experimentation?

Survey

Quasi-experimental

Clinical

Retroactive

None of these

Which of the following studies 'lacks inherent control'?

A. Descriptive

B. Correlational

C. Experimental

D. Quasi-experimental

Quasi-experimental

Methods: same as experimental except lacks the control of a true experimental design

- Researchers have lesser control than on the true experimental designs

*Posttest sensitization is the effect of the pretest on the outcome of the study.

True

False

False

*In a posttest-only design, the independent variable is introducing and then the dependent variable is measured.

True

False

True

*A risk marker is an attribute that is associated with the increased probability of disease but is not considered to have a causal role.

True

False

True

16.6 - A time series design measures the dependent variable and is done several times over a period of time.

True

False

True

* Stratifying a sample would define information such as age, gender, sex, income level, or educational levels.

True

False

True

* A factorial design is used to study two or more independent variables.

True

False

True

* An investigation that studies the frequency of flossing and periodontal disease is called a ________.

Correlational study

Survey

Trend

Case study

All of these

Correlational study

16.20 - Which approach measures the relationship between variables?

Correlational

Experimental

Ex post facto

Case control

All of these

*Which type of study investigates existing differences to determine possible causes?

Experimental

Ex post facto

Correlational

Quasi-experimental

None of these

Correlational

ex: frequency of flossing and periodontal disease

*An investigation that studies the frequency of flossing and periodontal disease is called a ________.

*Which type of study investigates existing differences to determine possible causes?

Experimental

Ex post facto

Correlational

Quasi-experimental

None of these

Ex post facto

Retrospective (casual-comparative or ex post facto)

< reverse of experimental approach >

This type of research approach is the reverse of experimental approach and tries to investigate existing difference to determine possible causes.

Retrospective (casual-comparative or ex post facto)

TIME INTERVALS:

- Prospective

- Retrospective

- Cross-Sectional

- Longitudinal

* Which type of research, for example, considers the effect of intraoral sodium bicarbonate rinses on the periodontal ligament of laboratory rats?

Case study

Case control

Experimental

Correlational

None of these

Experimental

Experimental research/approach is also known as _____, is probably the research most familiar to the lay person

Clinical trials

16.13 - A study that uses questionnaires, opinionnaires, interviews, and indexes is called a ________.

Survey

Document analysis

Quasi-experimental

Developmental

None of these

Survey

The Descriptive approach includes a variety of studies including surveys, case studies, developmental studies, document analysis, trend studies, and correlational studies.

16.15 - Which study tries to investigate cause-and-effect relationships and involves manipulation of variables?

Trend

Experimental

Correlational

Survey

All of these

Experimental (prospective)

Prospective (or exprimental per online search)

Experimental - intended to test CAUSE-and-EFFECT variables

16.16 - One population group with a common characteristic

Historical approach

Cohort

Descriptive approach

Case report

Case study

Cohort

16.16 - A specific incidence of disease in one person

Historical approach

Cohort

Descriptive approach

Case report

Case study

* Which type of study is an in-depth report on a single person, group, event, or situation?

Quasi-experimental

Correlationaldescriptive approach

Case study

Experimental

None of these

Case study

>> is a descriptive approach that is used to conduct in-depth reposts on a single person, group, event, or situation.

16.16 - A report about a small group of people

Historical approach

Cohort

Descriptive approach

Case report

Case study

Case report

*Which type of research studies the same population over an extended period of time?

Case control

Longitudinal study

Correlational study

Survey

Both Case control and Longitudinal study

Longitudinal study

Measure the same population over an extended period of time.

16.18 - A small version of a proposed study is called a ________.

Case study

Pilot study

Controlled study

Pivotal study

Both Case study and Controlled study

Pilot study

Version of a proposed study that is on a smaller scale, sometimes an intentionally chosen sample. Trial run to work out any errors in the plan for the study.

- is a small version of a proposed study, and is carried out on a small, sometimes intentionally chosen sample.

Before the research process begins a small version of a proposed study is conducted. This small study is also know as what?

16.19 - A study in which neither the participant nor the researcher knows who is using a product or placebo is termed ________.

Double-blind

Blind

Cross-over

Double cross-over

None of these

Double-blind

Double-blind study - neither investigators nor subjects who is the cotrol (placebo) and who is in the other group (independent variable) that receives experimental treatment.

Highly reliable because it eliminates bias.

The research process always begins with a ___________

question

A question to be answered by a study

hypothesis

"Ultrasonic instrumentation is not significantly more effective than hand scaling during periodontal debridement. "Flossing has no effect on preventing caries."

Null hypothesis