sport psyc final exam

sport psychology specialists have three roles. they are

teaching, researching, and consulting

who is considered the “father” of north american sport psychology?

coleman griffith

which professional sport psychology association developed standards for certification of individuals working in applied sport psychology settings?

association for applied sport psychology

which criterion is in place if a person wants to achieve AASP certified mental performance consultant status?

all of the above

behavior is determined by the interaction of the environment and the personal make-up of the performer. this is an example of a

social-psychological orientation

the RE-AIM model outlined five factors that interact to influence knowledge transfer. which of these is NOT one of these factors?

efficiency

knowledge acquired through experience working in exercise and sport science field situations is called

professional practice knowledge

the situational approach to personality assumes that

individuals behave differently across situations; if the situation is strong, the effect of personality traits would be minimal

the big 5 model of personality has become widely accepted. which of these is NOT one of the five personality factors in the model?

depression

according to the iceberg profile morgan developed, which of these psychological characteristics that successful athletes display is typically above the mean of the population?

vigor

the most superficial, and therefore most easily changed, part of a personality structure is its

role-related behavior

which of these is NOT one of the major motives for participating in sport and exercise?

pleasing parents

the interactional view of motivation claims that motivation is an interaction between which two factors?

person and situation

motivated behavior is primarily a function of individual characteristics. this is consistent with which view of motivation?

trait-centered

which type of motivational climate is associated with the most adaptive motivational changes?

mastery

athletes with lower self-esteem are more likely to experience

low confidence and high state anxiety

which theory predicts a linear relationship between arousal and performance?

drive theory

the inverted-u hypothesis predicts that

arousal can be either too low or too high; top performance occurs at a moderate level of arousal

hanin’s individualized zones of optimal functioning model suggests that

each individual has a specific optimal level of efficiency

the first experiment investigating the effects of competition on performance was conducted in 1898 by

triplett

which is these behaviors would NOT support a cooperative learning environment?

extrinsic rewards are emphasized

which of these is NOT a stage in marten’s model of competition?

social comparison

a golfer measures the distance of her driver at 250 yards. this is an example of

knowledge of results

performance feedback is most effective when provided in what manner?

autonomy-supportive

research by psychologists such as edward deci has shown that

extrinsic rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation

potential negative side effects of punishment include

acting as a reinforcer; hindering the learning of skills

shared values, beliefs, and practices of an identifiable group of people such as ethnicity and sexuality is the definition of

culture

recognizing culturally based differences as well as interacting and working effectively with people from cultures different from our own is the definition of

cultural competence

ryba and associates developed a model for understanding athletic cultural transition. which of these stages is a stage in the model?

pretransition stage; acute acculturation stage

research generally indicates higher levels of participation for males than females in sport. scholars contend that these differences are primarily attribute to

gender roles stereotypes and expectations

sport psychology only focuses on the concerns of elite athletes

false

sport and exercise psychology is an art and a science

true

the ultimate goal of science is theory

true

test anxiety is an example of a situation-specific trait measure

true

perfectionists are at greater risk for psychological problems if they have poor coping skills

true

in a general sense, motivation can be defined as the direction and width of one’s effort

false

in terms of emotional factors, high achievers focus on pride, whereas low achievers focus on shame

true

a general level of anxiety that stays relatively stable over time is called state anxiety

false

athletes who perceive their anxiety as facilitating rather than harming their performances exhibit higher levels of performance

true

competitiveness of athletes appear to be enhanced when a social comparison is high

true

team sports of basketball and football are examples a game with cooperative means and competitive ends

true

a balance of challenge and skill is a dimension of flow

true

a coach should impose punishment in a personal way

false

diversity is the presence of socially meaningful differences among members of a group

true

approximately 15% of the population has some sort of disability, and people with disabilities can experience physical, psychological, and social benefits from physical activity

true

team building is considered part of which stage of team development?

forming

formal roles, in contrast to informal roles, are a set of behaviors that are required or expected of persons in a group and

are dictated by the nature and structure of an organization; include such roles as team captain, coach, and athletic trainer

if a rookie tried to take charge and exert leadership in critical games even though there was a veteran leader on the team, this would be considered a violation of

group norms

the common thread among the definitions of cohesion is that cohesion is made up of what two basic dimensions?

task and social cohesion

when is it generally best to implement a PST program?

during the off-season or preseason

which of these is NOT a phase in PST?

intervention phase

although mental toughness is generally seen as a positive attribute, mental toughness can have a negative side, such as

all of these

after a PST program has been put in place, how long do athletes need to continue practicing their mental skills?

as long as they continue to participate in their sport

excess anxiety can produce

all of these

which of these is NOT a phase in the hypnosis process?

autogenic phase

an athlete who is under activated commonly experiences which of these?

all of these

the matching hypothesis refers to

matching the type of anxiety management technique to the specific anxiety problem of each athlete

the two most widely accepted coping categories are known as

problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping

breakdowns in communication can occur because

the receiver misinterprets the message; the messages are inconsistent

which of these is NOT a type of communication?

introspective communication

supportive listening behaviors

are empathic; remain open to new ideas

the sandwich approach consists of which of these elements?

a positive statement; future-oriented instructions

basic imagery training involves

controllability and vividness

the PETTLEP model emphasizes which of these critical factors in imagery practice?

learning and perspective

athletes who incorporate all the senses into their image will score high on what aspect of imagery?

vividness

in terms of the timing of imagery, it is best to image in

real time

vividyly imagined events produce an innervation in muscles that is like the innervation produced by physically practicing the movement. this is an illustration of

psych neuromuscular theory

coaches often form expectations of athletes based on

performance information and person cues

self-confidence is usually defined by sport psychologists as the

belief that you can successfully perform a desired behavior

which of these is NOT one of the components of the model of sport confidence?

controllability of sport confidence

the four-step process concerning the formation of a coach’s expectations and the effects of those expectations on the coach’s and athlete’s behavior signifies that

coaches should continually reevaluate an athlete’s ability throughout the season; coaches should carefully monitor their quantity and quality of reinforcement and instructional feedback

in developing a goal-setting program, it is important for individuals to set

process, performance, and outcome goals

having a goal to win the race is an example of a(n) _____ goal, whereas having a goal to “improve my best time” is an example of a(n) _____ goal

outcome; performance

learning goals

focus on processes to master a task

it is recommended that appropriate goals be

a combination of short- and long-term

the phenomenon in which individual performance decreases as the number of people in the group increases is known as the ringelmann effect

true

role clarity refers to understanding exactly what your role is for the term

true

according to vealey, communication skills are NOT part of a psychological skills training program

true

in interviews, athletes note that ineffective consults are too flexible, trying to meet all athletes’ individual needs

false

relaxation (anxiety reduction) techniques are usually classified as state and trait

false

when giving a pep talk, give players a plan and use humor

true

intrapersonal communication is communication with yourself

true

winning and losing in a variety of sports can NOT be determined simply based on body language

false

internal imagery (as compared to external imagery) makes it easier for an athlete to experience auditory senses

false

an athlete tries to image shooting a free throw under pressure, but the ball keeps hitting the rim and bouncing off. this is an example of a lack of controllability.

true

self-efficacy has been used interchangeably with self-confidence

true

collective efficacy refers to each individual’s perception of the efficacy of the team as a whole

true

according to the text, goals should be difficult enough to be a challenge, yet realistic enough to achieve

true

the phrase “out of sight, out of mind” is a reminder to write your goals down and place them where they can be easily seen

true

an effective SMARTS goal would be general, unmeasurable, and developed by others

false

research has indicated that paying attention to step-by-step instructions is most helpful

for new learners

which of these is a major process involved in explaining the attention-performance relationship?

attentional selectivity; attentional capacity

why would you want to have a friend wave her arms around you while you are focusing on a basketball?

to force you to maintain concentration on the ball

if just before a tee shot, a golfer shifts her attention from the length of the fairway and the direction of the wind to focusing only on the ball, her attention has shifted from _____ to _____

broad-external; narrow-external

regardless of the athlete’s age, athletes prefer coaches who

give positive feedback; give technical instruction

servant leadership focuses on

service to and growth and development of followers

when coaches obtain the necessary information from relevant players and then come to a decision, what type of decision style are they using?

autocratic-consultative

which of these is NOT part of effective leadership?

position power

which of these is a typical reaction to injury?

all of these

which of these has NOT been identified as a sign of potential problematic adjustment to athletic injury?

high levels of anxiety