BIO FINAL THINGY BS

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Last updated 2:43 AM on 4/29/26
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65 Terms

1
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  1. Structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

— Double helix of nucleotides (A_T, G_C base pairing)

2
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  1. Membrane structures that function in active transport—

Protein pumps, channels, carriers in membranes

3
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  1. Electrons movement and absorption of energy

Electron transfer releases energy (excited electrons)

4
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  1. What organelle is most directly associated with secretion of compounds? —

Golgi apparatus

5
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  1. Movement of organelles is associated with structure? —

Cytoskeleton (microtubules)

6
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  1. Dehydration reactions are used in a cell to do what? —

Build macromolecules (proteins, carbs, nucleic acids)

7
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  1. What maintains the secondary structure of a protein?

— Hydrogen bonds

8
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  1. What are the nitrogenous purine nucleotides?

— Adenine and Guanine

9
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  1. Which structure is part of the endomembrane system? —

ER, Golgi, lysosomes, vesicles, plasma membrane

10
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  1. How does a non-competitive inhibitor decrease enzyme reaction rate? —

Binds away from active site, changes shape

11
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  1. Movement of a substance across membrane against gradient —

Active transport

12
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  1. End product inhibits earlier step in pathway —

Feedback inhibition

13
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  1. Metabolic pathway breaking glucose into CO₂, H₂O, ATP —

Cellular respiration

14
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  1. Reduction and oxidation process —

Oxidation = lose electrons, reduction = gain electrons

15
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  1. How is ATP made during glycolysis? —

Substrate-level phosphorylation

16
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  1. Process that proceeds with/without oxygen —

Glycolysis

17
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  1. Final electron acceptor in ETC —

Oxygen (O₂)

18
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  1. Pathway common to fermentation and respiration —

Glycolysis

19
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  1. Where most ATP is produced —

Mitochondria (inner membrane)

20
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  1. Electron flow in mitochondria produces —

ATP, water, proton gradient

21
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  1. Location of chlorophyll —

Thylakoid membranes

22
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  1. Electron transport chain in plants —

Thylakoid membrane

23
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  1. End products of light reactions —

ATP, NADPH, O₂

24
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  1. Function of Calvin cycle —

Makes glucose (sugars)

25
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  1. When sister chromatids separate —

Anaphase

26
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  1. If cytokinesis does not occur —

Multinucleated/abnormal cell

27
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  1. G1 checkpoint go-ahead —

Cell continues cycle (DNA replication)

28
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  1. Movement of chromosomes in mitosis —

Spindle fibers

29
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  1. Splicing —

Removal of introns from pre-mRNA

30
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  1. Karyotype shows —

Chromosome number/abnormalities

31
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  1. mRNA modification —

Splicing, 5’ cap, poly-A tail

32
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  1. F1 look like one parent —

Complete dominance

33
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  1. Dihybrid trait control —

Independent assortment (if unlinked)

34
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  1. Incomplete dominance —

Blended heterozygous phenotype

35
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  1. ABO blood alleles —

IA, IB, i (multiple alleles)

36
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  1. Crossing over frequency —

Higher distance = more recombination

37
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  1. DNA base percentages —

30%A =T, 20% G=C

38
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  1. DNA base bond type —

Hydrogen bonds

39
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  1. DNA ligase role —

Joins Okazaki fragments

40
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  1. Genetic drift —

Random allele frequency change

41
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  1. Postzygotic barriers —

Prevent viable/fertile offspring

42
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  1. What group evolves? —

Population

43
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  1. “Beads on a string” —

Nucleosomes

44
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  1. DNA wrapped around —

Histone proteins

45
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  1. Muscle vs nerve cell difference —

Differential gene expression

46
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  1. DNA methylation —

Gene silencing

47
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  1. Gene expression regulation levels —

Transcriptional, post, translational

48
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  1. Genes in Barr bodies —

Inactive X chromosome

49
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  1. Pseudogenes/introns —

Non-coding DNA

50
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  1. One RNA → many proteins —

Alternative splicing

51
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  1. Nuclear membrane role —

Controls access to DNA transcription

52
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  1. Post-transcription control example —

mRNA splicing/degradation

53
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  1. Plasmids importance —

Gene cloning vectors

54
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  1. Restriction enzymes —

Cut DNA at specific sequences

55
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  1. Bacteria protection —

DNA methylation

56
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  1. Cloning vector —

DNA carrier for gene transfer

57
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  1. Yeast in cloning —

Host for recombinant DNA

58
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  1. PCR role —

Amplifies DNA

59
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  1. Cellular differentiation result —

Gene regulation

60
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  1. Why plants can be cloned —

Totipotent somatic cells

61
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  1. Fully flexible cell —

Stem cell

62
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  1. MyoD gene —

Muscle cell differentiation

63
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  1. Bicoid gene role —

Body axis formation

64
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  1. No finger webbing —

Programmed cell death (apoptosis)

65
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  1. mtDNA vs nuclear DNA —

mtDNA maternal & small; nuclear mixed inheritance