global regents

Map of Africa in 1750

• interior: independent african kingdoms

• north africa: under ottoman control

• coastal areas: small european trading post forts

• LOOKED LARGELY INDEPENDENT

• BEFORE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA: looked largely different from 1900

European trading posts in Africa

• Mostly coastal (did not go to interior b/c disease + kingdoms + geographic reasons)

• West Africa: slave trade hubs

• South Africa: Cape Town, Europeans settled inland

• PURPOSE: TRADE ENSLAVED PEOPLE, GOLD, IVORY, SPICES (NOT CONTROL OF LAND)

Europe, Bourbon France: Louis XIV (14)/Palace of Versailles

• Louis = King of France “Sun King”

• Divine Right: Power came from god (no one could challenge him)

• Palace of Versailles: built OUTSIDE of paris to control nobility → required to live at Versailles so they could watch them

Europe, France: Louis XIV; How did he maintain & consolidate power?

• Weaken nobility

• control church

• intendants: royal officials sent to govern provinces

• large army

• forced protestants to convert

Glorious Revolution (England): HC

• Gov: constitutional monarchy (many limits on monarch)

• Religion: Protestant Reformation → choose catholic or protestant

  • Britain: required protestant

• King James II: catholic + wanted more power + didn’t like parliament

  • fear of being another catholic ruler after son born (warming pan)

Glorious Revolution (England): What happened

• Parli overthrew James + invited Dutch Prince WIlliam of Orange (and Mary) to become king (bloodless revolution)

• Bill of Rights: document signed by Will and Mary

  • Give Parli more rule

  • Limits on royal power

Asia: Tokugawa Shogunate, relations with outside world

• HC: warring states period → side that won started Shogunate

• Shogun → Emperor → Daimyo → Samurai → Peasants/artisans/merchants
  Sakoku: isolation policy

  • fear that chistianity would undermine social order (banned)

  • trade TIGHTLY controlled

  • could not travel, others could not enter, violaters faced death

Asia: Tokugawa Shogunate, consolidate power

• Edo Castle: Daimyo lived there every other year

  • Shogun base of power

• Class system

• Religious control

• Censorship

Ottoman Empire: Decline

• Peak: one of world’s great empires (Suleiman the Magnificent)

  • Millets + Janissaries

• Turkey (Constantinple/Instabul)

• Decline:

  • Military defeats

  • Economic Strain

  • Weak sultans

  • Janissary problem

  • Nationalism

• Sick man of Europe

Mughal Empire

• India subcontinent (Delhi)

• Peak: one of the wealthiest empires (Akbar the Great)

  • religious tolerance + strong administration

• Decline:

  • Aurangzeb overreach: undo Akbar good things

  • religious conflict

  • Invasions

  • British East India Company

Russia

• Peter the Great: moderinize/westernize Russia

  • Reduce power of boyars (nobility) & Russian Orthadox Church

  • Traveled West to learn tech + customs

  • Trade ports

• Decline: mixed success → serfdom grew, reforms didn’t last after death

China - Qing Dynasty

• Manchus invaded China

  • collapsed Ming Dynasty

  • upheld traditional confucian values to earn Chinese respect

  • foreigners had to follow strict chinese rules + pay tribute

Imperialism in the Americas

• Spanish conquistadors conquered Aztec + Incan Empire

• English colonies: more self gov than French/Spanish colonies

  • limited colonies

• French in Canada: French + Indian War

Enlightenment: HC

• Age of Absolutism: King + Queen had total power (Divine right) → power from the top down

• Hierarchy in Europe: Catholic Church took central power → monarchs ruled by the church → many were illiterate

• Feudalism: reestablish order → social hierarchy

  • nobles (wealthy landowners) → vassals (lived on noble land and provided protection + military) → peasants/serfs

• Renaissance: brought ideas from Ancient places + Martin Luther’s Protestestant Reformation

• Scientific revolution: modern science + math gave people better understanding (scientific method)

• QUESTION CHURCH POWER

Enlightenment

• intellectual movement → where thinkers believed that reason shoudl guide society (philosophies)

• Age of Reason

• Argued rule by consent of people, people have natural rights, inspired movements + independence movements

Enlightenment Thinkers + how it spread

• John Locke: natural rights → life, liberty, property

  • gov protect rights → ppl can revolt if failed

• Thomas Hobbes: people are bad at heart → need abs monarchy to rule (give up natural rights)

• Rousseau: social contract → b/w rulers + ppl → gov = what ppl want

• Montesquieu: 3 branches of gov: legislative, executive, judicial (checks and balances)

• Mary Wollstonecraft: enlightenment rights should be applied to women as well

• Adam Smith: Wealth of Nations (Capitalism) → Locke’s idea to economics

• Wilberforce: argued that slavery was wrong

• Spread through Salons (formatted by women)

American Revolution: HC and GC

• American colonies controlled by GB

• Taxation without representation (High taxes)

• High nationalism + limits on self-gov

American Revolution: Causes

• Higher taxes: stamps, tea, paper

• Taxation without representation: no seat in Parli

• The Quartering Act: colonists need to house + feed Brit Soldiers

  • didn’t like military in their house (not consented)

• Growing American Identity

American Revolution: Triggering Events

• Boston Tea Party

• The Battle of Lexington: fired on colonists from behind → protests → warefare

• The Declaration of Independence (Thomas Jefferson): colonists breaking away from Brit

  • life, liberty, pursuit of happiness

  • gov = power from consent

  • gov destroy rights → people overthrow

American Revolution: Methods, Backlash, Level of Violence

• Colonists: propaganda, political writing/cartoons, France alliance, violence, intimidation

• Britain: Marital law (order everyone to submit), military force, free slaves

• Backlash: not everyone supported it, loyalists (tories) believed staying with Brit was safer (divided society)

• Violence: VERY VIOLENT

American Revolution: Outcomes

SUCCESS

• entirely new gov (enlightenment ideas)

• US constitution: 3 branch gov, congress power, Britain denied this

• Bill of Rights: first 10 amendments directly addressed greivences of Revolution

  • freedom of speech

  • right to bear arms

  • no solider in home without consent

French Revolution: Causes + Goals

• Unfair Social Structure: 3 Estates → Clergy, Nobility, Commoners

• Absolute monarchy: Weak leadership (King Louis XVI) + Queen Marie Antoinette = despised

• American Revolution: proved people could overthrow monarchy

• Enlightenment Ideas

• Financial Crisis: bankrupt from wars (american rev) + Louis called Estates General to RAISE TAXES

• Europe = heavy abs monarchies

• Population boom

• Economic crisis + shifts

• Royal spending: monarchs spending A LOT

• Liberty, Equality, Fraternity

French Revolution: 3 Estates

1. Clergy: catholic church leaders → small population, 10% land, NO TAXES

2. Nobility: slightly larger population, majority of land, MOSTLY NO TAXES

3. Commoners: 97% of population → bourgeoisie (middle class) urban workers, peasants, PAID ALL TAXES

French Revolution: Political Spectrum

• Radical Left: wanted to abolish monarchy + want change + willing for violence

  • Jacobins, Sans-culottes, Robespierre, Jean Paul Marat

• Liberal: progressive reforms + enlightenment ideals in French Laws

• Moderate: moderate gradual democratic reforms

  • Bourgeoisie, Girondins

• Conservative: Did not want change, wanted to keep monarchy in some form (limited monarchy) + keep church

• Radical Right: France to return to pre-1789 conditions + willing to use violence

French Revolution: Moderate Stage Key Events

• Tennis Court Oath: third estate locked out of estate meeting → on a tennis court swore never to disband until a new constitution was signed

• The Storming of Bastille: storming a prison → symbol of people rising up to authority + king losing control

• The August Decrees: series of laws passed by the National Assembly that abolished the feudal system + privileges of noble/clergy → all citizens equal before the law

• Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen: All men = natural rights of speech, property, voting, fair taxation

• The Woman’s March on Versailles: marched by thousands of Parisian women at Versailles due to anger and king opposing revolution → forced Louis + family to return to Paris

• The Royal Family attempts to flee: tried to flee in secret → arrested and returned to Paris under guard

• The Constitution of 1791: first written constitution (constitutional monarchy) → limit king’s power + Legislative assembly + abolish old estate system

  • limited voting rights, king could delay laws, king’s flee made it so that this constitution never worked

French Revolution: The Reign of Terror → How?

• Monarchy fell in 1792 + Louis executed → France in a very unstable position

• pressure facing french republic → foreign invasions, civil war, food shortage

• Radical Montagnards (led by Robespierre) seized control of National Convention + Committee of Public Safety

French Revolution: The Reign of Terror → what?

• radical phase of Revolution led by Robespierre + committee of public safety

• justified terror → necessary to defend revolution from enemies

• targeted anyone accused of being enemy of revolution → mostly third estate

  • no real process, just accusations

• use of guillotine: invented to be a humane form of execution + have everyone be equal in death

French Revolution: The Reign of Terror - Key Figures

• Maximillien Robespierre

  • Jacobin (member of the most famous and influential radical political club of the French Revolution) leader + head of Committee of Public Safety

• Georges Danton: early supporter of terror → executed

• Jean-Paul Marat: radical journalist → harsh measures

  • assassination made him a martyr for revolution (bathtub)

French Revolution: The Reign of Terror - End

• Robespierre grew increasingly authoritarian and suspicious

  • executed + denounced some allies

• Thermidorian Reaction: arrested + guillotined by peers

• paved way for more conservative directory gov

• fear + power orride ideals

French Revolution: Napoleon - HC

• New constitution after Robespierre execution: Constitution of 1795

  • separate powers, limit power of one man, DIRECTORY

• Directory: 5 member group (head of gov)

  • weak + poorly funded + struggled to enforce gov policies + rely on military + repeated coups d’etat (attempts to overthrow)

• France: still engaged in wars with neighboring European countries

• Napoleon Bonaparte: French military leader → radical left → promoted in military for successful battle plans

  • Directory tasked Napoleon with defending National Convention in Paris → success

  • gave command of military campaigns in places where French were fighting with monarchs that threatened rev.

French Revolution: Napoleon - Rise to Power

• gained popularity in France (always successful)

• Napoleon learned that the Directory was weak + European armies threatening France

  • organized coup d’etat

• took control of gov + declared himself First Consul of France

  • New constitution → gave him unlimited control

French Revolution: Napoleon - In Power

• Kept many changes from revolution

• support laws → strengthen central gov + goals of revolution

• set up gov run pub schools

• restored position of catholic church BUT made sure church not in control

• Napoleonic Code: uniform set of laws + eliminated injustices

  • limited liberty + promoted order + authority (freedoms restricted)

• assassination plot against him → recreated monarch + divine right → CROWNED HIMSELF EMPEROR

• Napoleonic Wars: continuation of wars from European monarchs

  • scared that revolution would spread to them

  • Napoleon attempted to end wars by conquering all of Europe + bringing it under French control

French Revolution: Napoleon - Fall from Power

• Exile: army = defeated → exiled to island called Elba

  • monarchy was restored, but he escaped and reclaimed power

• More war: raised another army to retake Europe → defeated at Waterloo Belgium

  • Exile to Saint Helena: died there

French Revolution: Napoleon - Congress of Vienna

• Meeting representative of European states

• address conflict + instability in Europe caused by French Revolution + Napoleonic Wars

• wanted peace + long term stability

• results: restoration of old boundaries of Europe & larger powers resized to establish balance of powers → prevent future wars

• France: monarchy restored (Louis XVII) → constitutional monarchy

  • restricted power on monarch

Haitian Revolution: HC + Causes

• Saint-Domingue (Haiti): French colony and one of the richest in the world → sugar plantations

• Social Hierarchy: Grand/Petit Blancs (plantation owners + held most power) → Gens de Couleur (free people of color + same jobs) → Affranchis (Freed slaves + could enslave others + little profit + no citizenship) → Enslaved people (those of african descent + no power/bad treatment)

• Influenced by the French Revolution (enlightenment ideas)

• Enslavement was HARSH

Haitian Revolution: Road to Freedom

• (1791) Slave uprising: led by Toussaint Louverture → violent revolt

• (1792) National Assembly grants rights + citizenship for free blacks + mulattos → troops to quell revolt

• Toussaint Louverture’s leadership: former enslaved person + skilled military leader + diplomat

• (1794) Abolition of Slavery: France abolished slavery (pressure) TURNING POINT

• (1799-1800) Toussaint Louverture reinstates plantation system → War of the Knives (civil war) → L’ouverture wins + invade Spanish ½ of island

  • while Napoleon gains power

• (1801): Haitian Constitution: Toussaint → ''governor for life”

• (1802) Napoleon’s Attempt to Restore Slavery → Jean Jaques Dessalines take control (Toussaint was captured..?) continued to fight for freedom

• (1803): French force = final defeat → Napoleon withdraws his troops

• (1804) Haitian Independence: declared Haiti as independent → first black republic in the world

• ONLY SUCCESSFUL SLAVE REVOLT THAT CREATED A NEW NATION

Haitian Revolution: After Independence

• no one would recognize Haiti → fear of inspiring their own countries → made Haiti isolated

• Dessalines tried to rebuild economy → people refuse to work

  • assasinated: split into 2 rival got

    • Etat d’haiti: monarch

    • Republique d’Haiti: republic

• Boyer: reunited country under his rule

Haitian Revolution: Reparations

• The French Ultimatum

  • pay reparations and france will recognize Haiti as a country

• The Double Debt

  • 5 annual payments of 30 mill

  • borrowed money from france to pay reparations

    • decades of debt

• French demand reparations

  • armada held them at gunpoint

• money for the loss of enslaved people + property

  • 21 billion dollars

  • not fully free until 21st century

Haitian Revolution: Reparations

• 1915: US invaded Haiti and took money

• US invaded → military occupation

  • used forced labor

  • felt like it was return to enslavement

• Corruption wihtin

Latin American Revolution: Social Hierarchy

• Peninsulares (spanish born in spain) → Creoles (born in new spain of Spanish parents) → Mestizos (born of SPanish + indigenous people’s parents) → Indigenous Peoples → Enslaved persons

Latin American Revolution: Causes

• Enlightenment Ideals

• French/American Revolution

• Napoleonic Wars: invaded Spain → put brother on throne (bad leader)

  • Spain is weak → opportunity for independence

Latin American Revolution: Simon Bolivar

• Wealthy Venezuelan → leader in fight for independence

• Believed in creating independent nations free form Spanish control

• Nationalism

• dreaming of uniting all of Latin America into one big country (Gran Columbia)

Latin American Revolution: Outcome

• successful in ending Spanish rule → NOT FULL EQUALITY

  • elites have more power + slaves did not gain many rights

1848 Revolutions: HC

• Congress of Vienna

  • put a king back on the throne in France

  • restored country borders

  • establish balance of power

  • suppressed revolutionary ideas (never again)

• Industrial + social changes

  • new urban working class

• Nationalism

• Liberalism: individual rights, rep gov, freedom from monarchy

1848 Revolutions: Outcomes

1. Why fail?

2. all happening at the same time

3. government power is very very strong at this time

   1. after french rev. —> more aware of revolutions happening

      1. there to prevent revolutions

4. didn’t have set goals/specific thigns they wanted to change

   1. did not have a roadmap

   2. was not organized

5. people who are not in the best health shape

   1. can’t win against trained military

German Unification: HC

• After Congress of Vienna

  • creation of the German Confederation (led by Austrian Empire)

  • Assembly met in Frankfurt

• Key Factors

  • Confederation: loose alliance of states that agree to cooperate with each other

  • Balance of Power: Prussia + Austria

  • Nationalism

  • Rise of Prussia

German Unification: Otto von Bismark

• Prime Minister of Prussia

• unite german states into single empire

• Realpolitik: leaders should make decisions basked on practical goals instead of what is morally right

German Unification: What happened

3 wars: blood + iron

• war 1: took over Denmark German speaking territory

• war 2: fought Austria

• war 3: fought France with help of southern German-speaking state

  • Franco-Prussian War

• Germany empire proclaimed & Otto von Bismark was the first chancellor

  • King of Prussia = Emperor of Germany

IR: Causes + where?

• Agricultural revolution

  • new machinery

• Enclosure movement:

  • wealthy land owners bought up small private farms and combined them

    • large commercial farms

  • many jobs lost → move to city

  • large urban migration

• Britain: Island nation, large deposits of coal and iron

IR: Japan

• HC: tokugawa → feudal heierarchy, isolation

• Matthew Perry ended Isolation