Food Animal Exam 1

dental pad

soft cartilage that acts with lower incisors when grazing

fighting teeth

upper 3rd incisors, upper canines, and 4th incisors of llamas and alpacas

rumen

-found of left side of animal
-digestion and fermentation
-shag carpet appearance

reticulum

-continuation of fermentation
-honeycomb appearance
-home to magnet for trapping metal

omasum

-fluid absorption and particle sie reduction
-"butchers bible"

abomasum

-true stomach of the ruminant
-enzymatic digestion
-cardiac, fundic, and pyloric regions

What side of the cow is the rumen on?

left

point of balance

-at animals shoulder
-used to move cows forwards and backwards

What direction would the cow move if you were behind the point of balance?

forward

What direction would the cow move if you were in front of the point of balance?

backwards

how close the handler can get to the cow before it moves

flight zone

Which method gently places the animal in recumbency?

casting

restraint method used in cattle that works by gently pinching the vertebrae and caudal nerves

tail jack

nose tongs

for restraint and distraction

What is used to restrain the head?

halter

how long is a cows gestation period?

283 days

How long is the typical calving season?

65 days

How many days are beef cows dry for?

160

What is the focus of taking history for beef cattle?

questions about herd

What is the focus of taking history for dairy cattle?

questions about lactation

What is the temperature for cows?

100-103.5

What is the normal pulse rate for an adult cow?

48-84

What is the normal pulse for a calf?

70-100

What is the normal respiration rate of an adult cow?

10-45

What is the normal respiration rate of a calf?

30-60

How often should the rumen contract?

1-3 per min

average Temperature range for goats and sheep

102-104

average pulse for sheep and goats

70-90

What is the average respiration rate for sheep and goats?

20-30

What is the average temperate of swine?

100-102.5

What is the average pulse for swine?

70-90 bpm

What is the average respiration rate for swine?

10-24

What is the average pulse for a llama

60-90

What is the average respiratory rate of a camelid?

10-30

Which type of injection can go anywhere in the triangle on the neck?

subq

Which type of injection must go at the top of the triangle on the neck?

IM

In beef cattle, no more than \_________ gran negative vaccines are given at once

3

In dairy cattle no more than \_______ gram negative vaccines can be given at once

2

How many days is the lactation length of a Dairy cow?

365

How many days is the milking period for a dairy cow?

305

How long is the dry period for a dairy cow?

60 days

What is the average production life a dairy cow?

4-5 years

reasons to cull

-mastitis
-udder breakdown
-low milk yields
-foot/leg weakness
-reproductive failure

How long is the production cycle for a beef cow?

365 days

seedstock

cattle operation that produces bulls and replacement heifers

cow calf

weans and sells calves

backgrounder/stocker

buys calves from 300-700 lbs at auction and sells them to feedlot

How many cows can a bull older than 2 years service?

30-35

How many cows can bulls less than 2 years old service?

1 cow per month of age

signalment

-name/number
-ID
-age
-color/markings
-breed
-species
-sex
-weight
-BCS

pulse points

-saphenous artery
-coccygeal artery
-median artery
-facial artery
-aorta/internal iliac artery

lung landmarks

-point of elbow
-T 13 at transverse process
-cadual to the triceps

The heart is located behind the elbow at which intercostal space?

3-5 intercostal spaces

lymph nodes in cows

-supramammary
-prefemoral
-prescapular
-submandibular

An ear notch is used to test for what in cattle?

BVD

Of the food animal species, which is vaccinated the least?

goats

At what age do heifers get vaccinated for brucellosis?

4-6 months

BRD complex

-bovine viral diarrhea
-bovine respiratory syncytial
-parainfluenza 3
-infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

true or false: when possible we choose to give subq vaccines over IM in cattle

true

Why do we give vaccines on both sides of the animal instead of just one?

stimulate different lymph nodes

true or false: ruminants have both upper and lower incisors

false (only lower. upper are replaced by dental pad)

What side of the cow is the omasum on?

right

esophagus sphincters

-cardia
-pharyngoesophageal

What is the name of the structure in neonatal ruminants that allows milk to bypass the rumen and go directly to the abomasum?

esophageal groove

rumen layers

-gas
-fiber mat
-liquid

Part of the intestine where fermentation and absorption of water, minerals, and VFAs takes place

large intestine

When sorting cattle through a gate, what do you do to the ones that you want to hold back?

stare at them

True or False: it is okay to use the rope attached to the nose ring to tie a heifer to a post

False

What type of restraint would be a good choice when milking heifers for the first time

flank rope

True or False: we never restrain sheep by the wool

True

What is the most common form of individual restraint in swine?

hog snare

Other than the jugular, where is another site to collect blood from a pig?

marginal ear vein

To collect urine sample form a cow, you will rub in an up and down motion right below her vulva in the area called?

escutheon

Where are the landmarks for a rumenocentesis?

caudaulventral to the costochondral junction of the last rib

What is the max amount of ccs collected from a rumenocentesis?

8

What is the normal rumen pH?

6.7

true or false: When collecting samples for milk cultures, it is important to discard the first 2-3 squirts of milk.

true

What is the name for the test that assesses somatic cell counts to detect subclinical mastitis?

California Mastitis Test

SubQ injections should be given \_________ to the shoulder

cranial

ways to check orogastric tube placement

-suck on end of tube as it is passed to check for negative pressure
-smell tube for rumen contents
-blow on tube while colleague listens for bubbles

What could happen is you don't blow on an OG tube to clear it of particles and medications?

damage to esophagus

How often should catheters be flushed in food animals?

8-12 hours

hot branding

-kills hair follicle
-scar is brown

freeze branding

-kills pigment producing part of follicle
-scar turns white

What do notches in the pig's right ear identify?

litter number

What do notches in the pig's left ear indicate?

pig number

What are the reversal agents for Xylazine?

Tolazoline and Yohimbine

the (left flank/right flank) is the preferred approach for a c section

left flank

What is the nerve that is blocked when dehorning?

cornual branch of the lacrimal nerve

When can calves be cosmetically dehorned?

after 4 months

disbudding

removal of horn-producing cells in calves less than 2 months old

dehorning

involves cutting out horns and horn-producing tissue after they have formed from the horn bud and attached to the skull

castration tools

-elastrator band
-burdizzo
-chemical
-scalpel
-newberry knife

transfaunation

the process of taking rumen contents from a donor and transferring it to a patient

rumemontomy

-actually opening the rumen to remove an object/correct defect or injury then closing
-may have grain overload, hardware disease, or hairball

rumeonstomy

-temporary hole in the rumen to relieve gas build up or administer fluid
-block area
-make incision
-hold with 2 stay sutures
-open rumen

eye enucleation

-improves comfort and longevity of animal
-preserves life of patient by removal of cancerous tissue
-preserve function and comfort

What are the landmarks of the distal paravertebral block?

transverse process of L1,L2,L4

What are the landmarks for the proximal paravertebral block?

cranial edge or transverse processes L1,L2,L3

which of the paravertebral nerve bocks causes scoliosis due to unilateral muscle relaxion?

proximal