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7 Terms
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Coalition Governments
More likely to form in political systems with lower majorities due to the division of seats among parties.
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Welfare State
A system where the government protects and promotes the economic and social well-being of its citizens, typically found in Western Europe with center-left governance and policies stemming from labor unions.
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Proportional Representation (PR) Systems
Electoral systems that tend to lead to a higher percentage of women in parliamentary positions compared to majoritarian systems.
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Gender Gap in Politics
A theorized difference in political interests between men and women, often linked to women's valuation of welfare states due to career support and the alleviation of unpaid labor.
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Bicameralism
A system with two legislative chambers. In parliamentary systems, a strong upper house can lead to governmental dysfunction or constitutional crises.
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Calculus of Voting (PV - C > 0)
A rational model for voting decisions where P = probability of vote being decisive, V = value from preferred candidate winning, and C = cost of voting. A positive outcome suggests a rational decision to vote.
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Missing D
An addition to the calculus of voting, representing feelings of duty or civic pride that provide intrinsic motivation for many voters, even when their vote's impact is perceived as minimal