bio exam 2 ch 20 and 23 practice tests from coi
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55 Terms
Anatomy refers to:
Study of structure
Which is the correct order of organization in animals?
Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ system
Which tissue type is responsible for protection and lining surfaces?
Epithelial
Which is NOT a type of connective tissue?
Nervous
Smooth muscle is:
Involuntary and lines organs
Neurons primarily function to:
Transmit signals
Which system is most responsible for coordination and rapid response?
Nervous
Which organ system helps maintain homeostasis using hormones?
Endocrine
Negative feedback:
Maintains stability
Which structure increases surface area for exchange?
Capillaries
In an open circulatory system:
Blood directly bathes tissues
Closed circulatory systems:
Keep blood within vessels
Fish have:
Single circulation
Mammals have:
4-chambered heart
Blood returning from lungs enters the:
Left atrium
During systole:
Heart contracts
The SA node:
Sets heart rhythm
Capillaries are ideal for exchange because they:
Have thin walls
Blood pressure is highest in:
Arteries
Red blood cells function to:
Carry oxygen
Explain how structure fits function in epithelial tissue.
Epithelial tissue is made of tightly packed cells forming continuous sheets, which allows it to act as a protective barrier and efficiently control exchange (absorption/secretion).
List the four major types of animal tissues and one function of each.
Epithelial: protection and lining
Connective: support and binding
Muscle: movement
Nervous: communication and signaling
Why is blood considered connective tissue?
Blood is considered connective tissue because it consists of cells suspended in a nonliving matrix (plasma) and functions in transport.
Explain the difference between open and closed circulatory systems.
Open systems allow fluid to bathe tissues directly and are not enclosed in vessels. Closed systems keep blood within vessels, allowing more efficient transport and higher pressure.
Describe the pathway of blood through the human heart (briefly).
Blood flows: body → right atrium → right ventricle → lungs → left atrium → left ventricle → body
What is the difference between systole and diastole?
Systole = contraction phase
Diastole = relaxation phase
How do veins return blood to the heart despite low pressure?
Veins use one-way valves and skeletal muscle contractions to help push blood back toward the heart.
Explain how capillaries allow exchange of materials.
Capillaries have very thin walls (one cell thick) and small diameter, allowing diffusion of gases, nutrients, and wastes between blood and tissues
What is homeostasis and how is it maintained?
Homeostasis is the maintenance of stable internal conditions. It is maintained through feedback systems (especially negative feedback).
Describe how negative feedback regulates body temperature.
Negative feedback regulates temperature by activating cooling mechanisms (sweating, vasodilation) when too hot and warming mechanisms (shivering, vasoconstriction) when too cold, returning the body to its set point.
body structures
function of biological structures
Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ system
similar cells performing a common function
functions that arise from interactions among components
four
digestive
detach from neighboring cells and spread
organs
cover surfaces and line cavities
closely packed cells
number of layers and cell shape
Cells tightly joined together
apical surface
cells scattered in an extracellular matrix
fibers embedded in liquid, jelly, or solid material
Cartilage
Adipose tissue
has cells suspended in a matrix (plasma)
Bone
movement
Skeletal muscle
pump blood
internal organs
smooth muscle