[BIO 102] Chapters 23 &24 Obj jc

What are essential nutrients?

Required nutrients for normal growth, development, and reproduction

What are macronutrients and micronutrients?

Macro - required in large amounts
Micro - required in small amounts

What percentage of the dry weight of plants is carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen?

C - 45
O - 45
H - 6

Where do plants acquire most of their oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water?

O - shoots and roots (atmosphere or dissolved in water)
CO2 - shoots
Water - roots

What are the functions of the Cuticle

Prevent water loss

What are the functions of the Stomata

Opening for gas exchange

What are the functions of the Guard Cells

Control the opening of the stomata

What are the functions of the Epidermis

Protection

What are the functions of the Pericycle

Origin of lateral roots

What are the functions of the Endodermis

Regulates what comes in and out of vascular tissue

What are the functions of the Casparian Strip

Forces selective nutrient uptake and prevent water from leaking out of the vascular tissue

How are stomata opened, and what is one disadvantage of keeping stomata open continually?

Open when water is added, closed when water is lost. Disadvantage is gonna lose all water

How is xylem sap transported?

Xylem sap moves upward from roots to leaves by transpiration pull

What are the three major components of the cohesion-tension theory?

Transpiration, Cohesion, Adhesion

How is phloem sap transported?

Pressure flow theory

What are the five major components of the pressure flow theory?

Phloem is loaded > Water enters phloem > high pressure to low pressure > Sugars are pulled out > Water leaves

What are sources and sinks?

So - where sugars are accumulating
Si - where sugar is going

What are two advantages and two disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

A - genetic diversity, accumulation of adaptations
D - time consuming, requires more energy

What are Flowers?

Reproductive parts of angiosperms

What are Fruits?

Ripened ovaries

What are the four types of modified leaves found in flowers?

Petal, Sepal, Carpel, Stamen

What are the male and female parts of a perfect flower?

M - Stamen
F - Carpel

What are the two parts of the stamen and the three parts of the carpel?

S - Anther, Filament
C - Style, Stigma, Ovary

What are the functions of the male parts, respectively?

A - Pollen reproduction
F - Hold Anther upright

What are the functions of the female parts, respectively?

Sti - Sticky to catch pollen
Sty - Connects stigma to ovary, pollen tube grows through it
O - Contains ovules, develops into fruit after fertilization

What is the life cycle of a generalized angiosperm?

Alternation of generations

How are pollen grains produced?

In the anther, diploid cells undergo meiosis to make 4 haploid microspores, then they each undergo mitosis to produce a pollen grain

How are embryo sacs produced?

In the ovule(s), each containing diploid cell undergoes meiosis to make 4 haploid megaspores, leaving 1 surviving cell to undergo mitosis to form the embryo sac

What are Pollination, Fertilization, and Germination?

P - movement of pollen from anther to stigma
F - union of egg and sperm
G - period of growth after non growth

What is Double Fertilization?

When two things (egg and endosperm mother cell) are fertilized

What are Ovules?

Structures in the ovary that contain the female gametophyte, develop into seeds after fertilization

What is Endosperm?

Nutritive tissue

How many microspores are created from one microspore mother cell?

4 haploid microspores

How many pollen grains are created from each microspore mother cell?

4 pollen grains

How many cells are present in a typical pollen grain?

2 cells

What are Generative and Tube cells?

G - generates sperm nuclei
T - forms pollen tube for sperm delivery

How many megaspores are created from one megaspore mother cell?

4 haploid megaspores

How many megaspores survive?

1 survive

How many rounds of mitosis without cytokinesis occur?

3 rounds

How many rounds of cytokinesis occur?

1 round

How many cells and nuclei are found in the embryo sac?

7 cells, 8 nuclei

Are the endosperm mother cell and egg haploid or diploid?

Cell diploid, Egg haploid

Are the endosperm and zygote diploid or triploid?

Zygote diploid, Endosperm triploid

What are the three major parts of a seed?

Embryo, Endosperm, Seed Coat

What are simple, aggregate, and multiple fruits?

S - Develops from one ovary of one flower
A - Develops from multiple ovaries of one flower
M - Develops from the ovaries of multiple flowers growing together in one cluster