AP World Review: Global State Building (c. 1200 - c. 1450)

Vocabulary-style flashcards covering the major civilizations, political structures, and religious movements between $$c.\,1200$$ and $$c.\,1450$$.

Neo-Confucianism

A resurgence of Confucianism in China that incorporated elements of Daoism and Buddhism and emphasized a hierarchical society.

Filial piety

The requirement that children honor their ancestors and parents, reflecting the hierarchical nature of Confucian society.

Imperial bureaucracy

A system of government officials spread throughout China to communicate the emperor's word to the citizens and maintain state control.

Civil service exam

A test used by the Song Dynasty to recruit officials for the imperial bureaucracy based on knowledge of Confucian texts.

Four Noble Truths

The fundamental Buddhist teachings: life is suffering, suffering is caused by craving, suffering ends when craving stops, and the path to end craving is the Eightfold Path.

Nirvana

The ultimate goal in Buddhism involving the dissolution into the oneness of the universe.

Champa Rice

An agricultural innovation that contributed to the commercialization and expansion of the Chinese economy during the Song Dynasty.

Abbasid Caliphate

The center of the Muslim world that eventually broke up, leading to the rise of states led by ethnic Turks rather than Arabs.

Seljuk Empire

A powerful state developed by ethnic Turks in the $11\text{th century}$ as Arab-led Muslim empires began to fade.

Nasir Al-Din Al-Tusi

A Muslim scholar who made significant advances in mathematics and invented trigonometry.

House of Wisdom

A major library and center for scholarly work located in Bagdad during the Golden Age of Islam under the Abbasid empire.

Bhakti Movement

A Hindu movement emphasizing devotion to a single god rather than many, which challenged traditional social and gender hierarchies.

Vijayanagara empire

An empire founded in $1336$ in South Asia following the Delhi Sultinate's failure to extend Muslim rule to the south.

Majapahit Kingdom

A powerful Buddhist sea-based empire in Southeast Asia that maintained power by controlling maritime trade routes.

Khmer Empire

A land-based empire in Southeast Asia that began as a Hindu empire before converting to Buddhism.

Tenochtitlan

The capital of the Aztec Empire and the largest city in the Americas prior to the arrival of Europeans.

Mit'a system

An Incan labor system that required all people under their rule to provide labor for state projects.

Mississippian culture

The first large-scale civilization in North America, characterized by a decentralized power structure where large towns dominated smaller ones.

Swahili civilization

A series of politically independent city-states in East Africa organized around commerce and heavily influenced by Muslim traders.

Feudalism

A decentralized political system in Europe involving a network of allegiances between monarchs, powerful lords, and knights.

Manorialism

A European system where lords provided protection to peasants, known as serfs, who were bound to the land and provided labor and goods in return.