HPA Semester 2 Lecture Notes Review

Vocabulary practice cards covering muscle movements, human anatomy (muscles, bones, joints), and fetal pig exterior and internal structures.

Pronation

A movement where the radius rotates over the ulna.

Supination

A movement where the radius and ulna are parallel.

Dorsiflexion

A movement of the foot that decreases the angle between the dorsum of the foot and the leg.

Plantar Flexion

A movement of the foot that increases the angle between the foot and the leg; pointing the toes.

Inversion

A movement of the foot that turns the sole medially.

Eversion

A movement of the foot that turns the sole laterally.

Protraction of mandible

The forward movement of the lower jaw.

Retraction of mandible

The backward movement of the lower jaw.

Elevation of mandible

The upward movement of the lower jaw closing the mouth.

Depression of mandible

The downward movement of the lower jaw opening the mouth.

Opposition

A movement unique to the hand where the thumb touches the tips of the other fingers.

Rectus Abdominis

An anterior abdominal muscle seen from a lateral view in the torso.

Trapezius

A large muscle of the upper back and neck seen from lateral, posterolateral, and posterior views.

Adductor Longus

A muscle of the thigh visible from both anterior and posterior views.

Deltoid

A shoulder muscle visible from both anterior and posterior views.

Fibularis Longus

A muscle located on the lateral side of the leg, also known as the Peroneus Longus.

Biceps Brachii

A muscle of the anterior arm consisting of a long head and a short head.

Sartorius

A long, thin muscle seen from an anterior view that crosses the thigh.

Latissimus Dorsi

A broad muscle of the back seen from posterior and posterolateral views.

Tibialis Anterior

An anterior leg muscle located on the lateral side of the tibia.

Gastrocnemius

A large posterior leg muscle seen from posterior and lateral views.

Sternocleidomastoid

A prominent neck muscle seen from anterior and lateral views.

Gluteus Maximus

The largest posterior muscle of the hip/buttock region.

Achilles (calcaneal) tendon

The tendon connecting the calf muscles to the heel bone.

Orbicularis Oculi

The circular muscle surrounding the eye.

Orbicularis Oris

The circular muscle surrounding the mouth.

Masseter

A powerful muscle of mastication located on the side of the face.

Platysma

A thin, broad muscle of the neck and lower face stretching from the mandible to the clavicle.

Hamstring group

A group of posterior leg muscles consisting of the Semimembranosus, Semitendinosus, and Biceps Femoris.

Quadriceps group

A group of anterior thigh muscles including the Vastus Lateralis, Rectus Femoris, and Vastus Medialis.

Soleus

A muscle in the posterior leg located deep to the gastrocnemius.

Tensor Fasciae Latae

A muscle of the lateral thigh associated with the Iliotibial Band.

Gracilis

A superficial muscle on the medial side of the thigh.

Brachioradialis

A superficial muscle of the forearm seen from an anterior view.

Palmaris Longus

A forearm muscle connecting the humerus to the palmar aponeurosis.

Patella

The knee bone, which is part of a synovial joint between the femur and tibia.

Clavicle

Commonly known as the collar bone, it connects to the scapula and sternum.

Vertebral Column

Comprised of Cervical ($C1-C7$), Thoracic ($T1-T12$), Lumbar ($L1-L5$), Sacrum ($S1-S5$), and Coccyx.

Atlas (C1)

The first cervical vertebra featuring a posterior arch, anterior arch, and superior articular facets.

Axis (C2)

The second cervical vertebra featuring the dens (odontoid process).

Calcaneus

The heel bone located in the foot.

Phalanges

The bones of the fingers or toes, categorized as proximal, middle, and distal.

Carpals

The eight small bones of the wrist, including the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum.

Metacarpals

The five bones located in the palm of the hand.

Vomer

A thin bone located in the skull that separates the left and right nasal cavities.

Ethmoid Bone

Includes structures such as the Cribriform Plate, Crista Galli, and Perpendicular Plate.

Coronal Suture

The joint between the Parietal bones and the Frontal bone.

Lambdoid Suture

The joint between the Parietal bones and the Occipital bone.

Squamous Suture

The joint between the Parietal bone and the Temporal bone.

Sagittal Suture

The joint located between the right and left Parietal bones.

Hinge Joint

A joint type exemplified by the articulation between the humerus and the ulna's trochlear notch.

Saddle Joint

A joint found between the carpal and metacarpal bones.

Ball and Socket Joint

A multiaxial joint type such as the Shoulder (glenohumeral) joint or the Hip joint.

Condyloid Joint

A type of joint that is often biaxial in movement.

Planar Joint

A joint with flat articulating surfaces that allows gliding or sliding movements.

Dorsal (Fetal Pig)

The superior surface or back of the pig.

Ventral (Fetal Pig)

The inferior surface or belly of the pig.

Anterior/Cranial (Fetal Pig)

The head end or front surface plane of the pig.

Posterior/Caudal (Fetal Pig)

The tail end or rear surface plane of the pig.