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Edema
Swelling due to excess fluid.
Congestion
Excessive blood in vessels.
Infarction
Localized necrosis from reduced arterial perfusion.
Thrombosis
Formation of a blood clot within a vessel.
Embolism
Obstruction of a blood vessel by an embolus.
Lymphedema
Swelling due to lymphatic system blockage.
Bleeding and Bruising
Increased tendency due to platelet disorders.
Hypotension
Low blood pressure.
Shock
A condition characterized by rapid, weak pulse, SBP < 90 mmHg, cool, moist skin, pallor, and weak/absent peripheral pulses.
Purpura
Easy bruising caused by a lack of normal platelets.
Physical Therapy (PT) Implications
Monitor patient’s vitals closely and avoid cuts and bruising in platelet disorders.
Aging and the Hematopoietic System
Decreased production of RBCs and lymphocytes with aging.
Myeloid Cells
Increased presence of myeloid cells in the aging hematopoietic system.
Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSC)
Lose self-renewal and differentiation ability with age.
Mesenchymal-Derived Stem Cells (MSCs)
Provide structural support in the bone marrow.
Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines
Increased from platelets leading to chronic inflammation in aging.
Peripheral Blood Changes
Decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit, but within normal ranges.
Iron Deficiencies
Linked to rheumatologic conditions.
Anemia
Associated with vitamin B12 deficiency.
Febrile, Nonhemolytic Reaction
Symptoms include temperature increase during or within 4 hours of blood transfusion.
Transfusion-Associated Circulatory Overload (TACO)
Symptoms include shortness of breath, elevated central venous pressure, and pulmonary edema.
Treatment for TACO
Diuretics and respiratory support.