Signs and Symptoms of Hematologic Disorders

Edema

Swelling due to excess fluid.

Congestion

Excessive blood in vessels.

Infarction

Localized necrosis from reduced arterial perfusion.

Thrombosis

Formation of a blood clot within a vessel.

Embolism

Obstruction of a blood vessel by an embolus.

Lymphedema

Swelling due to lymphatic system blockage.

Bleeding and Bruising

Increased tendency due to platelet disorders.

Hypotension

Low blood pressure.

Shock

A condition characterized by rapid, weak pulse, SBP < 90 mmHg, cool, moist skin, pallor, and weak/absent peripheral pulses.

Purpura

Easy bruising caused by a lack of normal platelets.

Physical Therapy (PT) Implications

Monitor patient’s vitals closely and avoid cuts and bruising in platelet disorders.

Aging and the Hematopoietic System

Decreased production of RBCs and lymphocytes with aging.

Myeloid Cells

Increased presence of myeloid cells in the aging hematopoietic system.

Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSC)

Lose self-renewal and differentiation ability with age.

Mesenchymal-Derived Stem Cells (MSCs)

Provide structural support in the bone marrow.

Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines

Increased from platelets leading to chronic inflammation in aging.

Peripheral Blood Changes

Decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit, but within normal ranges.

Iron Deficiencies

Linked to rheumatologic conditions.

Anemia

Associated with vitamin B12 deficiency.

Febrile, Nonhemolytic Reaction

Symptoms include temperature increase during or within 4 hours of blood transfusion.

Transfusion-Associated Circulatory Overload (TACO)

Symptoms include shortness of breath, elevated central venous pressure, and pulmonary edema.

Treatment for TACO

Diuretics and respiratory support.