Provincial Administration

Who were the provinces controlled by in the Republic? Who was elected annually?

The senate and the people. A governor.

Who are the 2 sources that tell us about how the provinces were divided up? "Senatorial provinces" is an anachronistic term - what should we say instead?

Strabo and Cassius Dio.

According to Cassius Dio, who were the public provinces governed by, and how were these people chosen?

Proconsuls. They were chosen by the senate.

When would proconsuls of public provinces assume their insignia? What did the number of lictors a proconsul have depend on?

Once they left the pomerium. They retained them until their return. His rank as ex-praetor or ex-consul

Who was the official governor of the imperial provinces? What title did those who acted for him have?

Augustus. Legatus augustus pro praetore. They were legates of Augustus with the rank of the praetor

How long would the legates serve in the imperial provinces serve?

Approx. 3 years, until they were replaced.

How long did Tiberius keep his legates in provinces and why, according to Tacitus?

For ages. Tacitus assumes this is either because he can't be bothered with the fuss, or doesn't want to see too many men thriving.

According to Tacitus, why did Augustus prohibit any senator from entering Egypt without his permission?

So that it couldn't be seized by anyone with high ambitions, who could starve Italy by blocking off supplies from Egypt.

Who managed Egypt, according to who? What did this post mean to the equestrian order? Did imperial provinces tend to be the more problematic ones?

Roman knights (Tacitus). Whoever took on this position saw it as the climax to their career. Yes.

Could a public province become an imperial one, and vice versa? Why, for instance, was Gallia Narbonensis given back to the people? Which provinces protested against heavy taxation and were given back to the emperor, according to Tacitus?

Yes. It was pacified. Achaia and Macedonia.

From which source do we learn that Aug's control over Spain, Egypt etc. was renewed after 10 years and then 5 years later?

Cassius Dio

Why after 23 BC could Augustus intervene in public provinces? What edict do we have that shows him doing this?

Maius imperium. The Cyrene Edict - there appear to be 2 agents which govern this province together.

What did a governor of a province have to oversee?

1) individual cases - murder, inheritance etc.

2) military business - had to recruit soldiers to protect provincials

3) taxes - had to take a census to make sure taxation was fairer

Is there a lot of evidence for provincial unrest?

No.

Who swore an oath of loyalty to Gaius (Caligula) that still remains? Why would a province do this? Who do they say they see as their enemies?

The Aritiensians. 37 AD. To demonstrate loyalty. Whoever Caligula's enemies are.

What source talks about a competition to build a temple for Tiberius in the provinces? Who wins? Are the motives clear? What could a temple bring to a province?

Tacitus Annals. The passage where each city competes to build a temple. Smyrna. Altho motives to build temple are not made explicit, we can conclude that existence of temple enhanced development of the city in many ways - increased its rank and status/ created new positions like priesthoods/ would create closer ties with the senate and the emperor cos the temple showed the city's loyalty

In the fragment of sacred law for a festival of the imperial cult at Gytheion, what are the rituals mentioned? Was there a priest for the cult? What did imperial cult strengthen in the provinces?

There is a procession which leds from Asclepius to temple of Caesar. Sacrifices are made to the emperor. Yes. This strengthened loyalty and provincial support for imperial household.

Which document shows an emperor directly responding to complaints brought forward by provincials? What was the issue and how did Claudius resolve it?

Claudius' letter to the Alexandrians. The Jews and Alexandrians were fighting. Claudius told the Alexandrians to respect the Jews and their customs, whilst he told the Jews not to seek more privileges than they already had.

What does Josephus say about Tiberius' method of dealing with embassies?

He describes Tiberius saying that he puts them off as long as possible so that he doesn't have to deal with another and soon as he has dealt with one.