Fat Catabolism Quiz

bile

made from cholesterol in the liver and stored in the gallbladder

amphipathic

bile salts

within bile that emulsifies fats

converts fats into micelles

in small intestine

micelle

aggregate of bile salts and phospholipids that encapsulates broken-down dietary fats (fatty acids, monoglycerides, cholesterol) in the small intestine

formed by amphipathic molecules with hydrophilic (water-loving) heads on the outside and hydrophobic (water-hating) tails on the inside.

lipases

intestinal

degrade tryglycerols

essential enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of fats (triglycerides) into free fatty acids and glycerol

Apo C-II

amino acid protein essential for fat metabolism, acting as a mandatory cofactor for activation of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) to hydrolyze triglycerides

chylomicron

lipoprotein aggregate

primary transporters for dietary lipids—specifically triglycerides and cholesterol—from the intestine to the bloodstream, liver, muscle, and adipose tissues

glucagon

promotes fat burning

stimulates liver glycogen breakdown and triggers lipolysis (fat breakdown) to supply energy when blood sugar is low.

albumin

primary protein responsible for transporting free fatty acids (FFAs) through the bloodstream

intestinal mucosa

takes up fatty acids and breakdown products and converts them to triglycerols

lipoprotein lipase

-activated by apoC-II

converts triglycerols to fatty acids in glycerol

what happens when fatty acids are oxidized?

used as fuel or reesterfied for storage

adipocyte

fat cells

myocyte

muscle cell

what are fats broken down to?

into fatty acids

transported to myocyte for citric acid cycle

where does fatty acid breakdown occur?

inside mitochondria to produce energy

fat storage

adipose tissue

perilipin molecules

a family of five proteins (PLIN1-5) that coat intracellular lipid droplets, regulating lipid storage and lipolysis (breakdown of fats) in cells

recruits lipase

serum albumin

acts as the main carrier protein, transporting fatty acids to tissues for energy

lipid droplet

cellular organelles that store neutral lipids (triglycerides and cholesterol esters) within a hydrophobic core

B-oxidation

metabolic process of breaking down fatty acids within the mitochondrial matrix to generate energy

glycerol

exits the cell and enters the bloodstream to be used by the liver for energy or glucose synthesis

converted into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

what activated a fatty acid?

conversion to a fatty acyl-CoA

acyl-carnitine/carnitine transporter

transports fatty acyl coA

what happens if a fatty acid does not have acyl Co-A attached to it?

it cannot move out of the cytosol into the mitochindria

Palmitoyl-CoA

an activated, long-chain fatty acyl-CoA thioester

serving as the starting point for mitochondrial -oxidation to produce energy

what determines how many electrons are pulled?

the number of starting carbons

what is the result of the final cut of B-oxidation?

2 acetyl co-A molecules

Fatty acyl-CoA synthetase.

used for fatty acid activation

malonyl co A

a crucial metabolic intermediate derived from acetyl-CoA by acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC

key inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation (carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1), acting as a "switch" between fat burning and storage

preventing fatty acid entry into the mitochondrial matrix

lysine and methionine

synthesize carnitine

carnitine transferase

essential for transporting long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria for beta-oxidation, providing energy for muscles and liver

catalyze the exchange of acyl groups between carnitine and coenzyme

where are cuts made for B-oxidation?

between a and B carbon

remove 2 carbons

generates 4 electrons

acetyl coA

gives 4 electron carriers

each electron carrier holds 2 electrons

so 8 electrons