FINAL REVIEW - Anatomy Demonstrated Summer Session 1

AP Axial C-Spine: Anatomy Demonstrated

C3 to T2; intervertebral disk spaces;

base of skull & mandible superimposed

AP Open Mouth C1/C2: Anatomy Demonstrated

Atlas, axis & dens; C1-C2 atlantoaxial joint space open

AP Fuchs Method C1/C2

Dens centered within the foramen magnum

An RAO of the C-Spine demonstrates which intervertebral foramina?

Right

An LAO of the C-Spine demonstrates which intervertebral foramina?

Left

An RPO of the C spine demonstrates which intervertebral foramina?

Left

An LPO of the C spine demonstrates which intervertebral foramina?

Right

Lateral C-Spine: Anatomy Demonstrated

> C1 to C7/T1

- Vertebral bodies

- Intervertebral disk spaces

- Articular pillars

- Spinous processes

- & Zygapophyseal joints

Cervicothoracic (Swimmer's) Lateral: Anatomy Demonstrated

C5 - T3

Which C-Spine exam(s) is done to rule out "whiplash-type injuries & is a follow up after spinal fusion surgery?

Hyperflexion & Hyperextension Lateral C-Spine

Trauma Lateral (Horizontal Beam) C-Spine

- Vertebral bodies

- Intervertebral disk spaces

- Articular pillars

- Spinous processes

- & Zygapophyseal joints

AP T-Spine: Anatomy Demonstrated

> C7 - L1

- Vertebral bodies.

- Intervertebral joint spaces

- Spinous Processes

- Transverse processes

- Costovertebral articulations

Lateral T-Spine: Anatomy Demonstrated

"Boxlike" vertebral bodies seen with:

- open intervertebral disk spaces

- intervertebral foramina

- posterior portions of vertebra superimposed

AP L-Spine: Anatomy Demonstrated

> T12 to S1

- Vertebral bodies

- intervertebral joint spaces

- Spinous processes

- Transverse processes

- Sl joints

- Part of sacrum

An RPO of the L-Spine demonstrates which Zygapophyseal Joints?

Right Zygapophyseal Joints

An LPO of the L-Spine demonstrates which Zygapophyseal Joints?

Left Zygapophyseal Joints

Lateral L-Spine: Anatomy Demonstrated

> T12 to sacrum

- Vertebral bodies

- Spinous processes

- Open intervertebral disk spaces

- Intervertebral foramina

Lateral L5/S1: Anatomy Demonstrated

> L5

> First 2 sacral segments demonstrated

> Open L5/S1 intervertebral disk space

Which L-Spine exams are done to assess range of motion & mobility at spinal fusion site?

Hyperflexion & Hyperextension Lateral L-Spine

AP Axial Sacrum: Anatomy Demonstrated

- Sacrum

- L5/S1 intervertebral joint

- SI Joints

Lateral Sacrum: Anatomy Demonstrated

- Sacrum

- L5/S1 joint

- Coccyx demonstrated in profile

AP Axial Coccyx: Anatomy Demonstrated

Coccyx free of superimposition

Lateral Coccyx: Anatomy Demonstrated

Coccyx demonstrated in profile

AP Axial SI Joints: Anatomy Demonstrated

> Open SI joints

- L5/S1 joint

- Part of Sacrum demonstrated

An RPO of the SI Joints demonstrates which SI Joint?

Left SI Joint

An LPO of the SI Joints demonstrates which SI Joint?

Right SI Joints

PA Skull: Anatomy Demonstrated

> Petrous pyramids fill the orbits

- Frontal bone

- Crista galli

- Internal auditory canals

- Frontal sinuses

- Part of ethmoid sinuses

- Petrous ridges

PA Axial (Caldwell) Skull: Anatomy Demonstrated

> Petrous pyramids projected in lower 1/3 of orbits

- Frontal bone

- Crista galli

- Greater & Lesser sphenoid wings

- Superior orbital fissures

- Frontal sinuses

- Part of ethmoid sinuses

AP Axial (Towne) Skull: Anatomy Demonstrated

- Occipital bone

- Petrous pyramids

- Dorsum sellae

- Posterior clinoids in the shadow of foramen magnum

Lateral Skull: Anatomy Demonstrated

> Entire cranium

- Superimposed parietal & temporal bones

- Sella turcica

- Anterior & posterior clinoids

- Dorsum sellae

- Mandibular rami

- Greater wings of the sphenoid

- Orbital plates (roofs).

PA Axial (Caldwell) Facial Bones: Anatomy Demonstrated

> Petrous pyramids projected in lower 1/3 of orbits

- Orbital rim

- Maxillae

- Nasal septum

- Zygomatic bones

- Anterior nasal spine

PA Parietoacanthial (Waters) Facial Bones: Anatomy Demonstrated

> Petrous ridges projected just inferior to maxillary sinuses

- Infraorbital margins (inferior rim of orbits)

- Maxillae

- Nasal septum

- Zygomatic bones & arches

- Anterior nasal spine

PA Modified Parietoacanthial (Modified Waters) Facial Bones: Anatomy Demonstrated

> Petrous ridges projected into lower half of maxillary sinuses

- less distorted view of entire orbital rims

ideal projection to demonstrate possible orbital fractures

Lateral Facial Bones: Anatomy Demonstrated

Superimposed facial bones to include mandible

Lateral Nasal Bones: Anatomy Demonstrated

- Nasal bones

- Frontonasal suture

- Anterior nasal spine

- Soft tissue structures (cartilage)

SMV Zygomatic Arches: Anatomy Demonstrated

Inferosuperior view of both zygomatic arches projected laterally away from mandibular rami

Oblique Inferosuperior (Tangential) Zygomatic Arches: Anatomy Demonstrated

Elongated inferosuperior view of a zygomatic arch

PA Mandible: Anatomy Demonstrated

- Mandibular rami

- lateral portions of body

AP Axial Mandible: Anatomy Demonstrated

- Elongated mandibular rami

- Condyloid processes

- Temporomandibular fossae

Axiolateral Oblique Mandible: Anatomy Demonstrated

- Body

- ramus

- condyloid & coronoid

process

- true lateral demonstrates ramus

> 10°-15° demonstrates a general survey

> 30° demonstrates body

> 45° demonstrates mentum

Panoramic Tomography Mandible: Anatomy Demonstrated

- Single image of entire mandible

- TMJs

- Maxillae

- Teeth on same horizontal plane

Axiolateral Oblique TMJs (Law Method): Anatomy Demonstrated

> TMJ closest to IR

- Condyle within mandibular fossa (closed) or condyle anterior to mandibular fossa (open)

Axiolateral TMJ (Schuller Method): Anatomy Demonstrated

> TMJ closest to IR

- Condyle within mandibular fossa (closed) or condyle anterior to mandibular fossa (open)

Parieto-Orbital Oblique Orbits (Rhese Method): Anatomy Demonstrated

- Optic foramen projected into the lower outer quadrant of the orbit

- Lateral orbital margins

PA (Caldwell) Paranasal Sinuses: Anatomy Demonstrated

Petrous ridges projected in lower 1/3 of orbits

- Frontal sinuses projected above frontonasal sutures

- Anterior air cells of ethmoid sinuses lateral to each nasal bone

PA Parietoacanthial (Waters) Paranasal Sinuses: Anatomy Demonstrated

> Petrous ridges projected just inferior to maxillary sinuses

- Maxillary sinuses with inferior aspects free of superimposition

- Oblique view of frontal sinuses

Lateral Paranasal Sinuses: Anatomy Demonstrated

> Bilateral structures superimposed

- all 4 paranasal groups (frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid)

SMV Paranasal Sinuses: Anatomy Demonstrated

- Sphenoid sinuses

- Ethmoid sinuses

- Maxillary sinuses