Praxis 5004

social studies

what were some of the motivations for Europeans coming to America?

desire for wealth and resources, search for new trade routes, spread Christianity, establish colonies and expand before other European colonies

what is the significance of the Northwest passage trade route?

was a key route for European exploration and trade, providing a shorter and more efficient route to Asia than the traditional route through the Suez Canal. The passage was very trecherous

how did the Europeans impact Native Americans?

devastating impact, brought new diseases, caused displacement and treated them with violence and forced labor, imposed their own cultural beliefs onto them

what was the first colony established in North America?

Jamestown

what was the second colony established in North America?

Plymouth colony

who colonized Jamestown?

The British; founded in 1607 by the Virginia Company of London

who founded Plymouth?

founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims; the colony lies where Massachusetts is today

what was the House of Burgesses?

it was the first legislative assembly in the American colonies. It was the start of breaking away from a monarchy and starting a democracy. Each colony had a representative.

what was the significance in colonial self-gevernance?

it allowed colonists to have a voice in the decisions that were being made; made sure each colony was represented

what is wayward expansion?

when the colonists were moving west and displacing the natives that lived there. believed it was their divine right to colonize all of America

how did colonization impact Native Americans?

displacement, loss of land, and cultural assimilation

how were Native Americans displaced?

they were forcibly moved from their land and relocated to reservations (often inadequate and lacked resources)

what was the quartering act a catalyst for?

the 3rd amendment

why were the colonists mad at Parliament and Britain?

taxation without representation; taxes were unfair and oppressive; made colonists want independence and led to protests and resistance

what was the stamp act?

in 1765, it required colonists to pay a tax on all printed materials, including newspapers and legal documents

what was the quartering act?

1765; required colonists to provide housing and food to British soldiers stationed in the colonies; act was a violation of colonists rights

Who was Christopher Columbus?

Made one of the most famous voyages of exploration in 1492 when he sailed from Palos, Spain in search of a route to Asia and the Indies. However, he ended up in the Americas (New World)

Who was Hernán Cortés?

In 1519, he landed in Mexico with 600 men and fewer than 200 horses. Upon discovering the vast Aztec wealth, his motivations quickly changed from colonization and spreading Christianity to acquiring gold. He began the first phase of the Spanish colonization of the Americas and conquered the Aztec empire.

What was St. Augustine?

The oldest city in the United States, founded in 1565 by the Spanish. Ponce de León, a Spanish conquistador, explored looking for gold and other resources

What was the Rhode Island colony?

Founded in 1636 by Roger Williams, an English Puritan who advocated for religious freedom and the fair treatment of Native Americans.

who was the main player or person associated with the House of Burgesses?

George Yeardley, who was Governor of the Virginia Colony

who was John Smith and John Ralfe?

These two were key figures in the survival and development of the English colony at Jamestown. One is also known for having married Pocahontas, a native Powhatan woman.

what colony did the Puritans establish?

the Massachusetts Bay Colony

what was the Dutch West India company?

established New Netherland, which eventually became New York after the English took control

what was the Mayflower?

This ship brought the Pilgrims from England to Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1620

what was the Susan Constant, Godspeed, and Discovery?

brought English settlers to Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. This was the first successful English settlement in North America.

what was the Mayflower Compact?

was a set of rules for self-governance established by the English settlers who traveled to the New World on the Mayflower in 1620. served as a necessary tool to maintain unity and discipline in the Plymouth colony

what was the French and Indian War?

was the North American theater of the global Seven Years' War. Pitting Great Britain against France and their Native American allies, the conflict was sparked by competing territorial claims in the Ohio River Valley

what was the Stamp act?

the first direct tax imposed on the American colonies. It required colonists to pay a tax—represented by an embossed revenue stamp—on all paper goods, including legal documents, newspapers, and playing cards

Why did the British start taxing the colonists?

to help pay for the French and Indian War (aka the Seven Years War)

What happened at the Boston Tea Party?

a political protest on December 16, 1773, where American colonists, disguised as Native Americans, destroyed 342 chests of British East India Company tea by throwing them into Boston Harbor

What were the Intolerable acts?

In response to the Boston Tea Party, a protest against the Tea Act, the British government enacted several punitive laws in 1774. These acts closed the port of Boston, limited self-government in Massachusetts, and allowed British officials to be tried in England or Canada instead of in the colonies.

What did the Navigation Acts do?

limited colonial trade to England only, leading to resentment among colonists who wanted to expand trade

What did the Proclamation of 1763 do?

issued after the French and Indian War, restricted colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, frustrating colonists who had hoped to move west.

What was enlightenment?

ideas about individual liberties and government began to take root in the colonies, leading to an intellectual shift that emphasized self-governance and democratic ideals

When was the first contenital congress?

1774

What happened during the First Continental Congress?

decided to boycott British goods

What was the Boston Massacre in 1770?

a violent confrontation between British soldiers and colonial residents in Boston, Massachusetts. It was a significant event in the lead-up to the American Revolution. a crowd of colonists began taunting and throwing objects at a lone British sentry. The situation escalated when more soldiers and colonists arrived. The soldiers fired into the crowd. The soldiers were put on trial for murder, but most were acquitted, further exacerbating tensions between the colonists and the British government.

What were the Townshed Acts?

imposed taxes on goods such as glass, lead, paints, paper, and tea. This fueled anger and protest against the British government

What were the causes for the Boston Tea Party in 1773?

The British government had imposed a tax on tea, which was a major import to the colonies. The colonists were also upset about the British government's restrictions on trade and the lack of representation in Parliament.

What were the results of the Boston Tea Party?

British government responded by passing the Coercive Acts, which further restricted the colonists' rights and imposed even more taxes. This led to the formation of the First Continental Congress and the Declaration of Independence.

Who were the Sons of Liberty?

a secret society formed in the American colonies in response to dissatisfaction with British rule. Established around 1765, they were instrumental in sparking and organizing revolutionary sentiment in the lead-up to the American Revolution

Who were some of the members of the Sons of Liberty?

Samuel Adams, John Hancock, and Paul Revere

What was the Continental Congress’s role in forming the US?

It established the Continental Army, which fought against the British forces during the Revolutionary War. It also drafted the Constitution, which established the framework for the new government and the separation of powers between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.

What was the American Revolutionary War?

a conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and thirteen of its North American colonies, which declared themselves the independent United States of America. The war took place from 1775 to 1783.

What happened in the Battle of Bunker Hill (1775)?

one of the earliest major clashes of the American Revolution. Though the British technically won by seizing the high ground, the fierce colonial resistance and heavy British casualties proved the inexperienced militia could challenge a professional army

What was the Declaration of Independence?

1776, is the foundational document that severed the 13 American colonies' political ties with Great Britain. Drafted by Thomas Jefferson, it announced to the world that the colonies were now a new, independent, and sovereign nation

What was the Battle of Saratoga?

September and October 1777 in upstate New York, the battle was the turning point of the American Revolution. The Continental Army decisively defeated British General John Burgoyne’s invasion force, severely crippling British strategy and securing vital French military support that guaranteed eventual American independence

What was the Battle of Yorktown?

the decisive final land battle of the American Revolutionary War. Allied American and French forces trapped British General Lord Charles Cornwallis's army in Yorktown, Virginia, forced a surrender, and essentially secured American independence

Who was George Washingto?

a Founding Father who served as the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797. Often called the "Father of His Country", he previously commanded the Continental Army to victory in the Revolutionary War and presided over the convention that drafted the U.S. Constitution

Who was Benjamin Franklin?

an American polymath, Founding Father, and diplomat. A self-made man, he built a successful printing empire, authored Poor Richard's Almanac, and founded key Philadelphia institutions. As a statesman, he helped draft the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution

Who was Thomas Jefferson?

an American Founding Father, the principal author of the Declaration of Independence, and the third U.S. President (1801–1809). A champion of republicanism and religious freedom, he famously doubled the nation's size with the Louisiana Purchase—though his legacy is complicated by his enslavement of hundreds of people

Who was John Adams?

a Founding Father, a leader of the American Revolution, and the second U.S. president (1797–1801). As a brilliant political philosopher, he tirelessly advocated for independence and helped secure critical foreign funding and alliances to ensure the survival of the new nation

What was the Battles of Lexington and Concord?

the opening military conflicts of the American Revolutionary War. Sparked by British attempts to seize colonial militia supplies and arrest rebel leaders, the surprising colonial victory shattered British invincibility and sparked an eight-year struggle for independence

What was the Siege of Boston?

the opening campaign of the American Revolutionary War. Colonial militiamen successfully trapped the British Army in Boston, cutting off land access. The siege ended with a decisive American victory when General George Washington fortified Dorchester Heights with artillery, forcing a British evacuation

What was the Treaty of Paris?

war officially ended, signed on September 3, 1783. In this treaty, Britain recognized the sovereignty of the United States and formally ended the conflict. The treaty established generous boundaries for the new nation, which now extended from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River, and from the Great Lakes region to Florida.

What were Indian agents and Native American allignces?

the British government appointed Indian Agents to form alliances between Native American tribes and the British military. The British promised land and tribute to Native Americans in exchange for their support (however did not keep promise)

Which tribes were Indian agents for the British?

Cherokee and Choctaw

what were the articles of confederation?

adopted in 1777, were the first constitution of the United States. They established a weak central government with limited powers and relied on the states to enforce laws and regulations

what is the constitution?

adopted in 1787, replaced the Articles of the Confederation and established a stronger federal government with three branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial. It also established the principles of federalism and individual rights.

What was the three-fifths compromise?

a deal reached during the 1787 United States Constitutional Convention regarding the counting of enslaved people in determining a state’s total population. This number was important because it affected both taxation and representation in the House of Representatives.

How did the 3/5 compromise impact taxing?

each enslaved person in a state would be counted as threefifths of a person. In other words, if a state had 5,000 enslaved people, 3,000 people would be added to the state’s population count for the purposes of taxation.

How did the 3/5 compromise impact representation?

Northern states, where slavery was less prevalent, wanted to count only free inhabitants for determining representation because they feared that counting enslaved people would give Southern states more seats in Congress, thereby increasing their political power.

when was the Treaty of Paris signed?

September 3, 1783

What was the Magna Carta?

English common law signed in 1212, which established that individuals have natural rights of security, liberty, and property. Samuel Adams believed the colonists were entitled to these same rights and referenced the Magna Carta when he wrote The Rights of Colonists.

What was the Louisiana Purchase?

land deal between the United States and France in 1803, in which the United States acquired approximately 828,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi River for $15 million

why was the Louisiana Purchase significant?

doubled the size of the United States and provided access to the Mississippi River and the port of New Orleans, which became a major trade hub; helped to establish the country as a major economic power.

who negotiated the Louisiana Purchase?

Thomas Jefferson

Who was Samuel Adams?

Patriot, founder of the Sons of Liberty

what was westward expansion fueled by?

gold rush, manifest destiny, oregon trail

What was the gold rush?

gold was discovered in California in 1848, people from California were the first to rush to the goldfields. News quickly spread to Oregon and Latin America and eventually throughout the world.

What was the Oregon Trail?

A major route from Missouri to Oregon that pioneers used to migrate west

What was Manifest Destiny?

Belief that the United States was destined by God to expand control and spread democracy across the continent

What was the Fort Laramie Treaty?

signed on December 11, 1803, between the United States and Spain. It established the boundaries of the Louisiana Purchase, which included the land west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains.

Why was the Fort Laramie Treaty significant?

it allowed the US to expand its territory and gain access to the Mississippi River, which was crucial for trade and commerce. It also marked the beginning of the US's westward expansion and the eventual annexation of Texas and California

What was the trail of tears?

Although the treaty mandated the removal of “all white people who have intruded, or may hereafter intrude, on the lands of the Cherokees,”the United States instead forcibly removed more than 15,000 Cherokees in 1838 and 1839. As many as 4,000 died of disease, starvation, and exposure during their detention and forced migration through nine states

What impact did the trail of tears have on native americans?

led to the loss of land, culture, and identity, and contributed to the ongoing struggles faced by Native American communities today

What was the Lewis and Clark expedition of 1804?

President Thomas Jefferson instructed Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore the area gained from the recent Louisiana Purchase. During the 8,000-mile expedition, Lewis and Clark endured dangerous terrain, extreme weather, injuries, and disease. They encountered friendly and hostile Native American tribes. From the experience, they were able to provide a detailed description of the geographic, ecological, and social features of the new region

What was the Erie Canal 1825?

a man-made waterway that connects the Atlantic Ocean— through New York City—to the Great Lakes. significant because it allowed people and freight to travel between the eastern seaboard and the Michigan port, allowing for cheaper transportation.

What was the middle passage?

The transatlantic slave trade was a major part of the US economy, with millions of Africans forcibly transported to the Americas.

What was Nat Turner?

a deeply religious and literate enslaved man, believed that he was divinely chosen to lead a rebellion against the institution of slavery. He was born in 1800 in Southampton County, Virginia, and was sold to a slave owner at the age of 11. Despite being illiterate, he learned to read and write, and became a preacher in the African Methodist Episcopal Church.

What was Nat Turners Rebellion?

On the night of August 21, 1831, Turner and a small group of followers initiated their revolt, starting with the killing of Turner's owner and his family. The rebellion quickly gained momentum as the group moved from plantation to plantation, growing in numbers and killing slaveholders and their families, claiming the lives of approximately 55-65 white people.

Why was Nat Turners Rebellion significant?

was one of the largest and most violent slave revolts in American history. It highlighted the brutality of slavery and the desire for freedom among enslaved individuals. The rebellion also led to increased scrutiny of slavery and the slave trade, and contributed to the eventual abolition of slavery in the United States