Organic Chemistry chapter 5

What is the general formula for an alkane?

C–C (single bonds)

What is the functional group of an alcohol?

R–OH

What is an example of an alkene?

Ethene (C₂H₄)

What type of bond does an alkyne contain?

C≡C (triple bond)

What is the formula for a ketone?

R–CO–R'

Define an ether's structure.

R–O–R'

What is the hydroxyl group in alcohols identified as?

-OH

Name an example of a carboxylic acid.

Acetic acid (CH₃COOH)

What defines a primary alcohol?

The carbon with the -OH group is attached to only one other carbon.

Give an example of a tertiary alcohol.

2-Methylpropan-2-ol (CH₃C(OH)(CH₃)₂)

What is the difference between alkyl halides and alcohols?

Alkyl halides have halogens (X), while alcohols have hydroxyl (-OH) groups.

How is a secondary alkyl halide defined?

The carbon with the halogen is attached to two other carbon atoms.

List an example of a functional group and its structure.

Amine: R–NH₂

What is a nitrile's structure?

R–C≡N

What does the 'R' represent in functional group notation?

Alkyl group.

Identify a characteristic of SN1 reactions.

Carbocation formation as the rate determining step.

What solvents favor SN1 reactions?

Polar protic solvents.

What happens in an SN2 reaction?

The nucleophile attacks while the leaving group departs (concerted reaction).

What is the significance of carbocation stability in SN1 reactions?

More stable carbocations lead to faster reactions.

Which intermolecular force is stronger, hydrogen bonding or dipole-dipole interactions?

Hydrogen bonding.

What is a property of tertiary carbocation?

Most stable due to hyperconjugation.

What type of process is an SN2 reaction?

One-step process.

Identify an example of a primary alkyl halide.

Chloromethane (CH₃Cl).

Describe the key feature of hydrogen bonding.

Occurs when hydrogen is bonded to highly electronegative atoms.

What is the boiling point trend for alkanes?

Generally increases with chain length due to dispersion forces.

What is the main factor influencing the boiling point of alcohols compared to alkanes?

Hydrogen bonding.

Define the term 'resonance' in the context of carbocation stability.

Delocalization of charge over adjacent pi bonds or lone pairs.

What is the IUPAC name for 2-butanol?

Butan-2-ol.

What reaction occurs when an alcohol reacts with hydrogen halides?

Substitution reaction.

Explain the concept of steric hindrance in SN2 reactions.

Primary substrates react more readily than secondary or tertiary substrates due to steric hindrance.

What is the form of carbon hybridization in a carbocation?

sp² hybridized.

Outline the two steps in an SN1 mechanism.

1. Formation of carbocation. 2. Nucleophilic attack.

How do inductive effects stabilize carbocations?

Alkyl groups provide electron-donating stabilization to the positive charge.

Why are secondary carbocations more stable than primary?

Secondary carbocations have two alkyl groups stabilizing the positive charge.

What describes the boiling point of polar molecules compared to non-polar molecules?

Polar molecules generally have higher boiling points due to dipole-dipole interactions.

How does size affect dispersion forces?

Larger molecules exhibit stronger dispersion forces.

What is the indicative characteristic of an alcohol based on solubility?

Alcohols are typically soluble in water due to hydrogen bonding.

How does hyperconjugation contribute to carbocation stability?

Electron donation from adjacent C-H bonds stabilizes the empty p orbital.

Name the product when ethanol undergoes acid-assistant substitution with HBr.

Bromoethane.

Which type of carbocation is the least stable?

Methyl carbocation (0°).

Describe a transition state in a reaction.

A high-energy state during the reaction where bonds are partially broken/formed.

Predict the product when 2-butanol reacts with sulfonyl chloride.

Formation of 2-tosylate.

What influences the reactivity of different alcohol structures with HCl?

Tertiary alcohols (fastest) > Secondary alcohols > Primary alcohols (slowest).