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hydrohalogenation
HBr or HCl or HI
acid-catalyzed hydration
H2O, H2SO4
acid-catalyzed hydration w/alcohol solvent
ROH, HCl (catalyst)
addition of bromine and chlorine
X2, CH2Cl2
addition of HOCl and HOBr
X2, H2O
oxymercuation-reduction
Hg(OAc)2, THF/H2O
NaBH4, H2O
hydroboration-oxidation of alkenes
BH3, THF
H2O2, NaOH, H2O
oxidation with OsO4
OsO4, H2O, H2O2
ozonolysis
O3
(CH3)2S
catalytic reduction
H2, catalyst (Pd or Pt or Ni)
alkenes to alkynes
X2, CH2Cl2
dehydrohalogenation
NaNH2 (gives terminal alkyne), NH3
H2O
or
KOH (gives internal alkyne), EtOH
alkylation/ nucleophilic substitution /addition of more carbons to alkynes
NaNH2, NH3
RX
hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes
(sia)2BH, THF
H2O2, NaOH
acid-catalyzed hydration of alkynes
HgSO4, H2SO4, H2O
catalytic reduction from alkynes to alkanes
H2, catalyst (Pd or Pt or Ni)
catalytic reduction from alkynes to cis-alkenes
H2, Lindlar’s catalyst
metal reduction from alkenes to trans-alkenes
Na°, NH3(l)
SN2
rate = k[RX][Nu-]
increases with decreasing electronegativity
uses strong nucleophiles
polar aprotic solvent
inversion of configuration
used in 1o and 2o alkyl halides
majority in 1o alkyl halides when using strong nucleophile and base
SN1
rate = k[RX]
uses weak nucleophiles
polar protic solvent
inversion and retention of configuration
used in 2o and 3o alkyl halides
E1
rate = k[RX]
only occurs for weak bases/nucleophiles
favors the more stabilized product
used in 2o and 3o alkyl halides
E2
rate = k[RX][base]
used in 2o and 3o alkyl halides
stereospecfic
β-hydrogen and leaving group must be anti and co-planar
bulky (non-nucleophilic) bases give the Hoffman product