APush Unit 9?

The Cold War

Political, economic, and military conflict short of direct war on battlefield between the U.S and the Soviet Union between 1945 and 1991

Joseph Stalin

Soviet leader through WWII and the Cold War

Harry Truman

President after FDR, released Hiroshima and Nagaski during WWII; maintained that Soviets posed a threat to Europe and disliked Stalin during the Cold War’s beginning

Potsdam Conference

1945 meeting in Germany between Truman and Stalin agreeing to free elections in Eastern Europe, Soviet Withdrawal from northern Iran, and creation of 4 Allied occupation zones in Germany; Soviets ended up largely undermining free elections and didn’t withdraw troops from Northern IRan

George Kennan

Believed that Stalin implied capitalist and communist nations couldn’t coexist, ensuring future wars unless communism triumphed; advised Truman on a policy of containment

Containment

Belief in strict policy of containing communism in nations where it already existed in and preventing it spreading, becoming basis for Cold War foreign policy

Iron Curtain

coined by Churchill describing the ideological and political divide between Communist Soviet Union and non-communist western World

Totalitarianism

Government putting state first and all other parts of life are designed to support and sustain the government first and foremost

Truman Doctrine

U.S pledge to conatin communism around the world based on containment; cornerstone of American foreign policy during the Cold War

Marshall Plan

Post WWII European economic aid package to rebuild Western Europe and served American political and economical interests in the process

Imperial Presidency

Described growth of presidential powers during the Cold War, particularly in respect to war-making powers and national security

National Security Council

Created 1947 to advise the president on military and foreign affairs; consisted of national security adviser; secretaries of state, defense, the army, and the air force; created by National Security Act

CIA

1947 established under National Security act as part of the executive branch and is responsible for gathering and conducting espionage in foreign nations; originally created to counter soviet spying operations

Berlin Airlift

Mass-scale transport of food and supplies to West Berlin by U.S and British government air forces during Soviet blockade of Berlin from 1948 to 1949

NATO

Cold War military alliance intended to enhance collective security of U.S and Western Europe

Warsaw Pact

Russian military alliance with seven satellite nations in response to U.S Marshall Plan and establishment of NATO

NSC-68

1950 National Security Council document advocating intensified containment policy both at home and abroad

Douglas MacArthur

U.S general in the Korean War

Korean War

Conflict between Northern Communist and Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and the United Nations-backed southern Republic of Korea from 1950-1953

HUAC

U.S House of Representatives Committee established in 1938 to investigate domestic Communism; after WWII, HUAC conducted highly publicized investigations of Communist influence in government and entertainment industry

Second Red Scare

Fear of Communist influence infiltrating the U.S and threatening national security in the 1940s and 1950s resulting in creation of government controlled programs like HUAC and Federal Employee loyalty program

Federal Employee Loyalty Program

established by Truman in 1947 to investigate federal employees suspected of disloyalty or communist ties but largely failed to find verifiable evidence for those that they fired

Alger Hiss

State Department official during Roosevelt Administration accused of Communist ties and was convicted of perjury (lying under oath) and passing documents to Soviet spies

Dennis vs. United States

1951 ruling upholding conviction of Communist leaders on the grounds that they posed a “clear and present danger” despite lack of evidence of an immediate uprising or plot

McCarran Internal Security Act

1950 Republican-supported legislation which required Communist organizations to register with the federal government, established detention camps for radicals and denied passports to American citizens who had communist affiliations; Truman vetoed but Congress overrode the veto, passing

Joseph McCarthy

falsely accused government officials of being Communist and harassed those who criticized him as communists

Dwigth D. Eisenhower

maintained containment and expanded it across the world while using New Look

New Look

Dwight Eisenhower’s foreign policy strategy emphasizing development and deployment of nuclear weapons in an effort to cut military spending

MAD

mutually assured destruction; defense strategy threatening massive nuclear retaliatory strike, contributing to the escalation of arms race during the Cold War

Kitchen Debate

1959 impromptu debate during Cold War at the American National Exhibition in Moscow in front of a display of an American kitchen between Nixon and Khrushchev about merits of capitalism and communism

Richard Nixon

Vice President during Eisenhower administration who visited the Soviet Union during the Cold War

Bandung Conference

29 Asian and African nations held in Indonesia in 1955 which declared their neutrality in the Cold War struggle bteween U.S and USSR and condemned colonialism

Eisenhower Doctrin

guided U.S intervention in Middle East; allowed Eisenhower to send military forces to the Middle East and marines to Lebanon in 1957 and 1958 under this doctrine

Modern Republicanism

Eisenhower’s political approach trying to fit traditional Republic Party ideals of individualism and fiscal restraint within the broad framework of the New Deal

National Interstate and Defense Highway Act

1956 provided funds for constructing 42,500 miles of roads throughout the U.S

National Defense Education Act

1958 Cold War era response to Soviet launch of “Sputnik” providing aid for instruction in science, math, and foreign language and grants/fellowships for college students

Sputnik

First artificial satellite launched in 1957 by the USSR

Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)

1824 responsible for management of American Indian lands and implementation of federal policy towards native nations

Bay of Pigs Invasion

unsuccessful 1961 attempt under Kennedy administration to overthrow Castro regime in Cuba

Berlin Wall

Physical and ideological barrier between East and West Berlin from 1961-1989 designed to prevent East Berliners from fleeing to the west

Cuban Missile Crisis

Tension after Soviets placed missiles in Cuba, resulting in U.S threatening to destroy the missiles and overthrow Castro if Soviet ships defied U.S blockade around Cuba; both sides compromised with soviet missiles being removed and U.S dismantling missile sites in Turkey aimed at the USSR and a hot line being created between Washington and Moscow to ease tensions

Ho Chi Minh

Communist revolutionary in Vietnam and leader of North Vietnam

Vietcong

Name for the National Liberation Front (NFL) in South Vietnam formed in 1959; waged a military insurgency against the U.S-backed president, Ngo Dinh Diem, and received support from Ho Chi Minh, the leader of North Vietnam

Domino Theory

Belief during the Cold War that if one country fell under the influence of communism, other surrounding countries would soon similarly fall under the influence of communism, like a row of falling dominoes

Lydon Johnson

President after JFK; Vietnam War

John F. Kennedy

President after Eisenhower; ended Vietnam War, similar escalation policy as Johnson

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

1964 gave Johnson wide power over use of U.S forces in Vietnam following reported attacks by North Vietnamese gunboats on 2 American destroyers

Escalation

Johnson administration policy of continuously increasing ground troops in Vietnam and bombing campaigns, transforming conflict into the Vietnam War

Vietnam War

1954-1975 Communist Nationalist government in North Vietnam backed by Soviets and China against UN and U.S backed south Vietnam government; seen as a series of proxy wars during Cold War

My Lai-Massacre

1968 unprovoked U.S massacre of nearly 500 elderly, women, and children in south Vietnam area of My Laid during the Vietnam War

Tet Offensive

1968 offensive by Vietcong and North Vietnamese forces against population offenses in south Vietnam; was turned back, but its ferocity increased public American opposition to the war

Vietnamazation

Nixon’s strategy of turning fighting responsibility of the Vietnam War to the South Vietnamese army

Kent State Massacre

Killed 4 student and wounded 9 others by the National Guard during a 1970 protest about U.S invasion of Cambodia as part of the Vietnam War, sparking further anti-war sentiment and massive protests

Pentagon Papers

Classified report on U.S involvement in Vietnam leaked to the press in 1971; confirmed that Kennedy and Johnson had mislead the public about the origins and nature of the Vietnam War

War Powers Act

1973 act requiring president to consult with Congress within 48 hours of deploying military forces and to obtain a declaration of War from Congress if troops remained on foreign soil beyond 60 days

GI Bill

1944 act offering educational opportunities and financial aid to veterans to help readjust to civilian life; also known as servicemen’s readjustment act, helped millions of veterans build new lives after WWII

Taft-Hartley Act

1947 curtailed Union’s ability to organize by preventing Unions from Barring employment to non-union members and authorizing federal halts to strikes for 80 days if it interfered with national interests

Dixiecrats

Southern democrats creating segregationist political party in 1948 as a response to federal extensions of civil rights; advocated for state’s right to legislate segregation and ran Strom Thurmond in an unsuccessful bid for the presidency in 1948

Baby Boom

Sharp population increase after 1946 and 1964 due to WWII, increased economic prosperity, improvements in healthcare, and a trend toward marriage at a younger age

Federal Housing Administration

1934 by FDR administration to devise housing construction standards and provide long-term mortgages to qualified buyers at low interest rates

Levittown

Suburban subdivision in Long Island, NY in 195s in response to postwar housing shortages and subsequent towns were built in Pennsylvania and New Jersey

Sun Belt

Southern and western part of the U.S where millions of Americans moved after WWII; migrants drawn in by region’s climate and jobs in defense, petroleum, and chemical industries

Dr. Spock

wrote “Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care”, advising mother that children would only reach full potential if they stayed at home and watched over them

Billy Graham

Reverend preaching about unhappiness caused by personal sin at outdoor events in baseball parks and large arenas being broadcast on television

Beats

Small group of young poets, writers, intellectuals, musicians, and artists who challenged mainstream American politics and culture in the 1950s; affinity for black culture

Dr. Alfred Kinsley

researcher at Indiana University finding that 10% of adults in 1950s were homosexual, despite homosexuality still being taboo and outlawed post WWII and shattered myths about heterosexual conformity

The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit

Novel about the alienating experience of suburban life, commentary of suburban America’s conformity and shallowness

Catcher in the Rye

Novel by J.D Salinger where the protagonist mocks the phoniness of the adult world while ending up in a mental institution

J.D Salinger

wrote Catcher in the Rye

Jackie Robinson

First black baseball player to enter a major league baseball

“To Secure These Rights”

Report by Truman’s committee on Civil Rights in 1947 advocating racial equality, recommending desegregation of the military, which Truman instituted by executive order in 1948; written in context of the Cold War

Brown vs. Board of Education

landmark 19054 ruling overturning “separate but equal” principle established by Plessy v. Ferguson and applied to Public schools. Few Southern School were racially desegregated for more than a decade

Montgomery Bus Boycott

13 month bus boycott beginning with Rosa Park’s arrest for refusing to give up her seat to a white man; its success catapulted MLK into national prominence as a civil rights leader

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

Organization founded in 1957 by MLK and other black ministers to encourage nonviolent protests against racial segregation and disfranchisement in the South

Orval Faubus

Arkansas state governor that sent the state national guard to prevent Little Rock Nine from attending an all white school

Little Rock Nine

1957 became the first African Americans to attend Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas; federal troops ended to overcome the resistance of white officials and violence of white protesters

White Citizens Council

Organization created protesting the Brown v. Board decision; consisted primarily of businessmen and professionals who intimidated black community members by threatening their jobs, denying bank loans, and rejecting rock ‘n’ roll music

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

Civil rights organization grew out of sit-ins of 1960, focused on taking direct action and political organizing to achieve its goal

Great Migration

shift of many black people leaving south in 1917-1918 and heading north/west to escape poverty and racial discrimination, surged again in the 1920s

McCarran-Walter Immigration Act

1952 made it possible for Japanese non-citizens to become U.S citizens, but maintained race-based system of discriminatory national-origin quotas

Freedom Rides

Integrated bus rides through the South organized by CORE in 1961 to test state compliance with Supreme court ruling on segregation

Dr. Martin Luther King

Local Alabama preacher who became a leading civil rights activist

March on Washington

1963 rally by civil rights organizations in Washington D.C, bringing increased national attention to the movement

Civil Rights Act of 1964

wide-ranging civil rights act that prohibited discrimination in public accommodations and employment and increased federal enforcement of school desegregation

Freedom Summer

1964 civil rights project in Mississippi launched by SNCC, CORE, the SCLC, and the NAACP; eight hundred volunteers, mainly white college students, worked on voter registration drives and improving education for black youth in freedom schools

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP)

1964 challenge all-white state Democratic Party for seats at the 1964 Democratic presidential convention and run candidates for public office; unsuccessful in 1964 but led to reform of the Democratic Party and seating of an interracial convention delegation from Mississippi in 1968

Voting Rights Act

1965 eliminated many obstacles to black voting in the South and resulted in a dramatic increase in black participation in electoral process

Malcolm X

Civil Rights leader devoted to Islam beliefs; criticized civil rights leaders for failing to protect their communities and favored self-defense over nonviolence for black self-determination

Black Panther Party

1966 Organization advancing the black power movement in black communities

Affirmative Action

Programs meant to overcome historical patterns of discrimination against minorities and women in education/employment to create guidelines and advance equal opportunities

School busing

mandatory nationwide initiative to integrate schools beginning in 1971 to comply with 1954 Brown v. Board ruling and continued into the 1990s

University of California Vs. Bakke

argued against racial diversity quotas in university admissions as being reverse discrimination resulting strict racial quotas being struck down but allowed race to be still considered during college admissions