APUSH AMSCO Unit 6 (1865 - 1898)

Transcontinental Railroads

Great Plains/West/Frontier migration

Consumer access

Often funded by government - land grants

Damaged environment/Native society

1869:

Union Pacific - Nebraska to Pacific

Central Pacific - California to East, Chinese immigrant labor, blowing through Rockies

The two Pacifics met in Utah

1883

New Orleans to LA

Kansas City to LA

Duluth MN to Seattle

Saint Paul to Seattle

Great American Desert / Frontier Disappear

Before 1860:

Middle of country

Railroad passed over

After 1865:

Mining - Gold Rush 1849 one of many, didn’t need company to mine, companies came eventually, Pikes Peak Colorado Gold Rush, Nevada, Idaho, Montana, boomtowns(short lasting), San Francisco, Denver

Cattle Drive - Texas to Canada, Plains, railroad market, cowboys, overgrazing, droughts/blizzards, stopped by private fences, beef diet

Farming - Homestead Act 160 acres for 5 years (mostly railroad land), families(difficult), little water/wood, railroads crucial, not enough land, machinery expensive, infertile land, dams/irrigation programs from government helped a little, farming decreased

Specialized/Commercial Farming

Late 1800s

Corn, wheat

Farmers when to market, bought machinery

Montgomery Ward and Sears Roebuck

Price dropped

Loans/mortgage expensive, became sharecroppers for big companies

Middlemen sold for farmers - less farmer profit, taxes higher

National Grange Movement

1868

Farmers/families - many joined, teach each other scientific farming methods

Every State

Politics - defend against taxes/middlemen, candidates, Okala platform

Grange Laws - laws against railroad charges

Oklahoma Territory Open / Forntier

1889

Homesteaders

1890

No more frontier

Fredrick Turner - book about history of frontier migration

City migration for industrial labor increased

Reservation Policies

Were farmers but now nomadic because of Spanish horse

Andrew Johnson made reservations but many were nomadic'

Indian Wars - U.S. Army massacres, Sioux War

Gold discovery by Native land

Sioux War

1866

William Fetterman lost to Native Americans

Indian Appropriation Act

1871

No tribe recognition

No treaty negotiate

Battle of Little Bighorn

1876

Part of Second Sioux War(lost)

Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse

destroyed George Custer

Massacre at Wounded Knee / Ghost Dance Movement

Sitting Bull
Army massacre

Dawes Act

1887

Divide land into homesteads and give to individual Natives

Sold the rest to companies

1900s Native American Reform Laws

1924 - assimilation failed, citizenship to all Natives regardless of Dawes compliance

Indian Reorganization Act (1934) - Promoted tribe organization/culture

Assimilation

Late 1800s

Helen Hunt Jackson

Boarding schools - children

Convert

Mexico Independence

1821

U.S. trade - Santa Fe Trail

Conservation Movement

Stop deforestation

Yellowstone State Park

Carl Schurz

Harrison, Cleveland

Forest Reserve Act 1891 - protect reserves

Forest Management 1897 - Regulated use

John Muir - Sierra Club preservation

New South

Late 1800s

Henry Grady

For - Industry, less racism, buisiness

Birmingham - steel

Memphis - lumber

Richmond - tobacco

Deep South - biggest textile industry

Railroads - North control, helped banks more than South

Limited education - less public/African American schools

South Poverty

Sharecropping - partial ownership

Profits to North (banks) - South banks poor

Loan tools

Crop diversification experiments - Washington Carver

Farmer’s Southern Alliance

C— Farmer’s National Alliance

Segregation / Discrimination

After Reconstruction (1877)

White supremacism - political power

Redeemers - segregation/white supremacy over farmer concerns, took offices

S. Ct. - struck down laws

Lynching

Less job opportunity/pay

Civil Rights Case of 1883

1883

Can’t ban segregation/discrimination

Plessy v. Fergueson

1896

Separate but equal is okay

Louisiana railroads didn’t violate 14th

Jim Crow Laws

1870s

South

Required segregation - public facilities, everything except streets/stores

Disenfranchisement

Literacy tests

Poll tax

White primaries

Grandfather clause - if grandfather could vote before Reconstruction

International Migration Society /

1894

Ida B. Well - fleed to north, newspaper

For leaving South - Kansas, Oklahoma, Africa

Atlanta Compromise

Booker T. Washington - African Americans should accommodate, money > vote, no social equality, Atlanta Compromise

Atlanta Compromise - make South better economically for African Americans

Racial harmony/economic cooperation

W.E.B. Du Bois against segregation/separate but equal

Transatlantic Cable

1866

Send in minutes

Followed by global cables

Internationalized prices - bigger business control

Invention / Edison

Business

Communication

Steel - make higher quality by blowing air

Thomas Edison - invention lab, lightbulb

George Westinghouse / Nikola Tesla - AC over DC(Tesla) for houses

Transportation - electric trolleys, subways, Brooklyn Bridge, —> city layout changed

Skyscrapers - Otis elevator

Steam Heating - radiators

Department Stores - shipping by railroad

Packaged/Refrigerated Food

Big Buisines (Railroads)

Late 1800s

Railroads:

Federal funding

Coal/Steel industries indirectly helped

American Railroad Association - standardized time zones, first modern stockholder

Share rails - not standardized

Watering Stock - corruption

J. Morgan - consolidated failing railroads(panic of 1893), monopoly started

Railroad Protest

Grange Laws to decrease control and price not accepted by government

Second Industrial Revolution

Late 1800s

Less leather/textile

Andrew Carnegie - Pennsylvania railroad, U.S. steel, huge employer, bought by Morgan companies later

Machinery

John D. Rockefeller - Petroleum, Standard Oil, monopoly

Electric Power

Trusts

Late 1800s

Trusts - eliminate competition, board manages other companies, Rockefeller

Horizontal integration - monopoly in a certain manufacturing step

Vertical integration - control of entire commodity chain

Holding Company - umbrella owns many companies from different fields

Lazzeiz-Faire

Late 1800s

Popularity sparked by big business

The Wealth of Nations 1776 (Adam Smith) - government regulation is inefficient, invisible hand(buisiness) regulates economy

Social Darwism

Late 1800s

Offended religious conservatism - Rockefeller = god gave wealth from hard work

Boosted economic conservatism

Concentrated wealth in the hands of the fit benefits all

Helping poor interferes with economy

Rich/poor gap increased

Social/economic mobility very rare but praised

Business people - white, protestant, business, banking

World Buisiness

World business focus led to international U.S. affairs in politics to benefit business

Gilded Age / Labor

1870-1890s

Wages dropped - women/children work, unskilled labor

Organized labor - quitting, skipping, rebelling, capitalism fought it

Lockout - boss close factory when union organized, no pay

Blacklists - union members, share names with employers

Yellow-Dog Contract - don’t join union to get job

Private/State guards - put down strike

Court injunction - can’t strike

Anti-union - government sided with corperate, union = un-american

Collective bargaining - union neogtiating with buisiness

Great Railroad Strike

1877

Other industries joined

National

Hayes sent federal troops against unions - violence

Some improved wages, some didn’t

National Labor Union

1866

Many member

Higher wages

8 hour day - victory(federal workers)

equal rights - women/African American

Monetary Reform

Worker cooperatives

1877 - lost support

Knights of Labor

Secret society

1881 public

anyone can join

Worker cooperatives - control work/pay

Abolish child labor

Anti-monopoly

Arbitration - Neutral party helps negotiation, often done instead of strikes

Very big union - lost membership after Haymarket Affair (1886)

Haymarket Affair

1886

Started May-day (1st)

Chicago

Knights of Labor rally

Anarchists want violent overthrow - McCormick harvester plant violence

Police tried to break it up - someone threw bomb

Anarchists caught - nothing proven, executed

American Federation of Labor

1886

Craft unions - skilled workers

Samuel Gompers

Higher wages

Working conditions

Walkouts

Eventually biggest in nation

Exclusive

Homestead Strike

1892

Carnegie steel plant

Cut wages

Lockouts

Private Guards

Defeat walkout

1892 Strike

Henry Clay Frick fought back for Carnegie

Workers killed

Strike failed - setback

Pullman Strike

1894

George Pullman railroad car company

Worker strike —> cut wages, fired negotiators

American Railroad Union - Eugene Debs, don’t work with any Pullman cars

Railroad companies linked Pullman cars to mail trains(government) - said to Cleveland that it was his problem, convinced to use troops, arrested workers

In Re Debs

In re Debs

Court case - approved employers can demand strikes to stop in court

Union membership decreased by 1900

Socialist Party Founded

1900

Eugene Debs helped start it after being arrested because of Pullman strike and In re Debs

Gilded Age Immigration

Exploded - second half of 1800s, beginning of 1900s

Push: Overcrowding, religious persecution, joblessness, displaced farm workers(machenery) Transportation

Pull: religious freedom, Job/economic opportunities, city/industry jobs, better economy, transportation(steam ships) quicker/cheaper

Old immigrants - North/West Europe, Irish/Germany/Scandinavia(Catholic), literate, Protestant,

New Immigrants - East/South Europe, Italy, Greek, Czech, Polish, Russian, not considered white, poor, illiterate, didn’t understand democracy, non-protestant, ethnic neighborhoods, young men unskilled work then leave

Asia - gold 1848, Japan, Korea, Philippines, China(until 1882), eventually all blocked but Philippines

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882-1965

Barred just China immigration

Rural to City / Urbanization

Late 1800s many more people moved to cities

1897-1930 - African American migration North

1920 - majority cities

Streetcar suburbs more common - escape pollution/crime/poverty

Urban/Ethnic neighborhoods as white/wealthy escaped cities - newspapers, school, “Ghettos”

Tenements - poor, very concentrated housing, disease, laws against then skirted

Nativism

Restrict immigration

labor unions - taking jobs

Employers want competition - not radical immigrants/labor movement

Take Anglo-culture

American Protective Association - Anti-Catholic movement

Social Darwinism - East/South immigrants less capable

Anti-immigration Policy/Legislation

Race-based immigration laws - Chinese

Miners Tax

Chinese Exclusion

Contract labor Law

Literacy law - vetoed(Cleveland) then passed

Ellis Island - medical examination, tax

Depression 1890s blamed on immigrants

Pro-Immigration

Political machines - immigration support for party support, gave government jobs to supporters, spoils system, Tammany Hall (boss Tweed)

Party bosses - negotiation between immigrants and business

Found jobs/food for people

Greed - stole from taxpayers

Settlement Houses

Well educated people came to immigrant neighboorhoods - provide social services, set up houses, taught English, arts, theater/music school, early children school

Hull House (1889) - Jane Addams, Ellen Gates Starr

Immigrant kids were often a lot more successful because of this

Middle Class

Small amount of white collar/salary jobs to larger amount in late 1800s/early 1900s

Science advancement - engineers, middle management, scientists, marketing, paperwork, proffessionals, lawyers/doctors

With urban population increasing

High-middle class unlike anywhere else went to suburbs, not city business centers

Carnegie Gospel of Wealth

Upper income people - charity, development, innovation, create jobs, moral responsibility for philanthropy, museums, libraries, concert halls

Robber baron critics - philanthropy to placate exploited masses, paternalism, fake science, propaganda

Working Women

1900s women work for wages - young, single

If family could afford it women didn’t work

Some educated women - professionals, lawyers

Young single women - secretaries bookkeepers, typists, operators

Factory - domestic chain work or textile factories

Suburbs

Easy transportation - rail lines, streetcars, middle/high income could afford

Houses cheaper with better technology - stylish arcitecture

Want white communities

Detached houses

Lawn obsession

After waste/pollution/crime up

City beautiful Movements - Some people want to work on cities livability, cultural attraction

Education

Arguments about what to teach - moral values, 3 Rs

Requirement laws for school

Kindergarten

Public schools

Colleges - for white collar jobs increase, government land grants for building, research centers, huge increase in attendance, not extremely expensive, electives,more subjects, competition with Europe, social sciences

Women/African American colleges

W.E.B. Du Bois - racial equality, educate African Americans, studied crime rates

Methodology - decisions based on data/studies

Clarence Darrow - Criminals = neglect/abuse/poverty

Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.

Popular Culture

More middle class

More leisure time - ads(newspapers)

Mass-circulation Newspapers

William Randolph Hearst - exaggeration/sensationalism in newspapers

Vaudeville, circuses, musicals, orchestra, oprea, wild-west flims, comedy, concerts, spectator sports, athleticism

Gilded Age Reform / literature

Farmers want railroad price decrease - failed

Middle class sympathy increase - reform, poverty/urban living, social consciousness, want to help poor

Henry George Progress and Poverty - laissez-faire is unfair, single tax on land, utopian

Looking Backward 1888 - Edward Bellamy, year 2000 no poverty/greed/crime, utopian

Government regulate business - Socialism(often said as and insult)

Catholics / Social Gospel

Pro-union - Knights, reform, homeless help

Salvation Army

Social Gospel - use Christianity, find salvation with poverty help, because we are Christian, because they will be Christian, Walter Rauschenbusch minister

Social Workers

Decreased family size in urban communities - birth rate drop

Women Rights

Middle class movement

Voting - Stanton, Anthony, Wyoming

National Woman's Suffrage Association

Temprence

Alcohol blamed on for everything - crime, poverty

Women’s Christian Temperance Association - Frances Willard, spread abstinance

Anti-Saloon League - close bars

Literature/Art Reform

Romanticism —> Realism, Mark Twain(greed, violence, racism, Huckleberry Finn), civil war accounts, Jack London, Stephen Crane

Art - painting, Winslow Homer, James Whistler, realistic

Architecture - Frank Lloyd Wright, organic, natural surroundings

City planning - Frederick Olmsted, landscape architecture(based on surroundings), campus, parks, Central Park

Land Grants

Development but also business promotion

Nice land to companies not Native Americans

Governement subsidies

Bribing/corruption for gifts

Wabash v. Illinois

1876

States can’t regulate railroads(Grange)

Railroads are interstate

Congress(federal) did something instead of states(Interstate Commerce Act)

Interstate Commerce Act

1887

Grangers

Railroad rate regulation

Interstate Commerce Commision - no corruption, regulate companies

Not very productive

Antitrust Movement / Act

Against railroads

Against concentration of wealth

Sherman Antitrust Act 1890 - vague, didn’t stop companies much, anti-monopoly

S. Ct. said it only applies to commerce not manufactoring

Civil Service Commission

1881

Garfield assassination 1881 - office seeker for removing certain people from government jobs

Civil service employees not constantly switched out

Instead constant federal jobs based on exam not party support

They can’t contribute to parties

Expanded later

Parties more dependant on wealth donations

Greenback Party / Silver / Specie Resumption

Debtors want more money in circulation, anti-gold standard, pay off debts, silver

Bankers/investors want hard money, prevent inflation, keep gold standard

Greenback Party - emergency paper money durnig civil war still existed, North farmers did well because of this, bankers didn’t like this, got some Congress members

Specie Resumption Act 1873 - gold standard, no greenbacks, stopped sliver, Crime of 1873

Silver demand - Nevada silver —> resumed —> not enough —> banks convinced government not to increase silver in circulation

Tariffs

War funding with tariffs —> Democrats against them (farmers) / foreign tariffs in protest

Gilded Age Parties

Flashy Campaigns

Picnics, food/drink, speeches

Loyalty

Neither had strict agenda

Loyal government jobs

Republicans - North, reminders of civil war, Lincoln, African Americans, reformers, Hamilton, Whig, business, tariffs

Democrats - won all South elections, North political machines/immigrants, Catholic, Lutheran, Jewish, states, limit central, house not presidents

Patronage jobs - give supporters jobs

Populist Party

South/West/Farmers’ Alliances elected politicians - Populist/People’s Party

Omaha(, Nebraska) Platform:

Political - more common voter power with direct democracy(for referendums)

Economic - unlimited silver coins, graduated income tax, public railroad/telegraph/telephone, easy farmer loans, 8 hour industry day, anti-laissez-faire, unite African American/white, poor appeal, anti-bank

Election of 1892

Populist Party - conservative(Democrats) didn’t want poor unification —> disenfranchisement, urban workers weren’t attracted

Democrat - Grover Cleveland(won)

Republican - Benjamin Harrison

Panic of 1893

Because of overspeculation, overbuilding railroads

Farm foreclosures

Unemployment very high

Cleveland hands-off approach to economy

Gold drain - traded in for gold, low gold rates

Government borrowed money from private(Morgan)

Then Cleveland crushed Pullman strike (federal troops, courts)

Conservative fear - class clash

Wilson-Gorman Tariff

1894

Income tax on wealthy

Reduction in tariffs

Declared unconstitutional - no income tax

Coxey’s Army

1894

After Pullman Strike - many industries struck, all broken by Cleveland

March to Washington

Public works, create jobs - because of depression

Arrested, detained

Election of 1896

Similar problems as other post-civil war elections

Republicans - dislike Cleveland panic, tariffs, William McKinley: labor, protect industry, gold standard, business leader funding, Mark Hanna campaigner

Populists/Silver Democrats - William Jennings Bryan emotional/religious cross of gold speech for silver minting

Conservatives/Gold Democrats - vote National Democratic Party(new) or Republican Party

McKinley won because:

Rise in wheat prices calmed farmers

Business owners scared workers with firing threats if Bryan won

Gold discovered in Alaska

McKinley Presidency

1897-1900

Farm prices rose

Factory production increased

Spain war 1898 leader —> U.S. world power

Ended political stagnation of Gilded Age

Populists disappeared - couldn’t unite races, but republicans started fighting for income tax and direct election

Republican dominance - business, industry, strong national government, conservatism, much less rural/Jefferson/Jackson influence

Campaigns focused on media influence

First modern president - international affairs, Spanish American War U.S. power

Dingley Tariff

1897

Large Republican tariff under McKinley