Chapter 19: Kingdom Fungi

What are two of the most important organisms that break down organic materials?

Fungi and bacteria

What type of fungi can tolerate exposure to seawater?

Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)

Which type of soil is Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) capable of degrading?

Soil contaminated with diesel fuel

What type of mass does fungi produce?

Intertwined mass of delicate threads

Hyphae (Hypha)

Individual threads

Mycelium

Mass of hyphae

What can fungi and bacteria also cause?

Economic losses

What are examples of economic losses caused by fungi and bacteria?

Food spoilage and disease

Mycologists

Scientists who study fungi

Mycophagists

Consumers of mushroom-type fungi

What are all true fungi considered to be?

Filamentous or unicellular heterotrophs

How do (all) true fungi absorb their food?

In solution through cell walls

What do cell walls in (all) true fungi contain?

Chitin

What type of cells do most fungi lack?

Motile cells

Where are the members of kingdom fungi placed?

In five phyla

Where have more recent DNA studies placed fungi more closely to?

Animals than plants

Phylum Chytridiomycota (Chytrids)

Simple, mostly one-celled organisms

What are (some) Phylum Chytridiomycota considered to be?

Parasitic, saprobic

Saprobic

Feed on nonliving organic material

What type of cells does some Phylum Chytridiomycota consist of?

Spherical cell with colorless, branching threads (rhizoids) at one end of anchorage

What type of hyphae does (some) Phylum Chytridiomycota develop?

Short hyphae

What type of mycelia does (some) Phylum Chytridiomycota develop?

Complete mycelia (coenocytic)

Coenocytic

Without crosswalls

What is considered to be the most primitive group of fungi (saprobic and aquatic)?

The Chytrids

How do many of the Chytrids asexually reproduce?

Through the production of zoospores within a spherical cell

How does sexual reproduction occur in Chytrids?

By fusion of haploid gametes

What do zygotes undergo in Chytrids?

Meiosis, often a resting spore

What are the best-known members of bread molds (phylum)?

Black bread molds

Rhizopus

A common saprophytic fungi that is well-known and found everywhere

What does the process of asexual reproduction in Phylum Zygomycota consist of?

Coenocytic hyphae with numerous haploid nuclei

In which direction does Sporangia in Phylum Zygomycota grow in asexual reproduction?

Upright

What do sporangiophores produce at tips during asexual reproduction in Phylum Zygomycota?

Sporangia

What do sporangia in Phylum Zygomycota form during asexual reproduction?

Black spores

What do progametangia on hyphae of different mating strains in Phylum Zygomycota become during sexual reproduction?

Gametangia

What does Gametangia in Phylum Zygomycota become when nuclei of two strains fuse in pairs in sexual reproduction?

Multinucleate coenozygote

What does coenozygote form in Phylum Zygomycota during sexual reproduction?

Thick walls

Coenozygote

Zygpsporangium containing numerous diploid nuclei

What does Meiosis in Phylum Zygomycota form in sporangia on sporangiophores during sexual reproduction?

Spores

What does Pilobolus inhabit?

Dung

How many meters does mature sporangia in Pilobolus catapult up to?

8 meters (in the direction of light)

Where do spores germinate in Pilobolus of herbivores that consume them?

In digestive tract

What is an example of a Coenocytic True Fungi food source?

Tempeh (in Indonesia)

What are examples of industrial uses of Coenocytic True Fungi?

Pharmaceuticals, pigments

How is Coenocytic True Fungi involved in pharmaceuticals?

The manufacture of birth control pills and anesthetics

Which colored pigment involves the use Coenocytic True Fungi for coloring margarine?

Yellow pigment

What are truffles in Phylum Ascomycota (Sac Fungi) considered to be?

Reproductive bodies

What other type of fungi is included in Phylum Ascomycota?

Yeasts, powdery mildews, ergot, and morels

What do (most) Phylum Ascomycota produce?

Mycelia with hyphae portioned into individual cylindrical cells

What is produced at tips of hyphae in Phylum Ascomycota during asexual reproduction?

Single or chains of conidia (conidiophores)

What is produced during asexually budding in Phylum Ascomycota?

Yeasts

What is connected from two hyphae in Phylum Ascomycota during sexual reproduction?

Antheridium, ascogonium

Where do male nuclei in Phylum Ascomycota migrate into in sexual reproduction?

Ascognium, where nuclei pair but do not unite

What is grown from Ascognium in Phylum Ascomyota sexual reproduction?

Ascogenous hyphae WH

What type of nucleus do Ascogenous hyphae in Phylum Ascomycota cells contain?

One male and one female nucleus

What does Ascoma form with in Phylum Ascomycota during sexual reproduction?

Hymenial layer composed of sacs (asci: ascus)

What do the two nuclei in each ascus of Phylum Ascomyota unite to form in sexual reproduction?

Zygotes that undergo meiosis

What do the resulting cells of uniting nuclei in Phylum Ascomyota form during sexual reproduction after mitosis cell division?

A row of eight ascospores in each ascus

What type of grain may Ergot fungus infect?

Rye

What may occur in those who eat bread contaminated with Ergot fungus?

Ergotism

In which amount of doses are Ergot drugs medicinally useful?

Small doses

What is an example of a Sac Fungi food source?

Morels, truffles, yeast

What are examples of ethyl alcohols produced by the fermentation of yeast?

Wines, beers

Which gas is the cause of rising bread dough and porous texture in bread?

CO2 (carbon dioxide)

What are examples of other products obtained from yeasts?

Ephedrine, B vitamins, ethyl alcohol, livestock feed

What is the cause of Dutch elm disease?

Ophiostoma ulmi

What are examples of diseases that are not successfully controlled through control measures?

Chestnut blight, Oak wilt

What is sprayed to inhibit the germination of spore in Peach leaf curl disease?

Copper or zinc salts

What is the size of fruiting bodies produced by Stinkhorns?

The size of human fingers

What is the physical consistency of a Phylum Basidiomycota (Club fungi)?

Sponge-like, covered with a slimy and putrid-smelling substance

What type of spores do attracted flies spread on the Phylum Basidiomycota?

Sticky spores

What are examples of other club fungi?

Mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, shelf fungi, rusts, smuts, jelly fungi

What do vegetative bodies in other club fungi look like?

White fluffy mass, hidden in the soil

How are club fungi identified?

By the shape of the hyphae

Basidia

Swollen hyphal tips

What is hyphae divided into?

Individual cells

What does asexual reproduction in Phylum Basidiomycota mainly occur through?

Conidia

What do some species of Phylum Basidiomycota produce during asexual reproduction?

Buds

What occurs to the hyphae in other species of Phylum Basidiomycota?

They fragment into individual cells, each functioning as a spore

What does each cell of hyphae contain in Phylum Basidiomycota during sexual reproduction?

A single haploid nucleus (monokaryotic hyphae)

What do hyphae of individual mating types of Phylum Basidiomycota unite and initiate during sexual reproduction?

A new mycelium (dikaryotic hyphae) where each cell has one nuclei from each original mating type

What do Phylum Basidiomycota sometimes have that ensure each cell with have one nucleus of each original mating type?

Little, walled-off bypass loops (clamp connections)

What does dikaryotic mycelium form?

Basidioma (Mushroom)

What are mushrooms composted of?

Cap (piles), stalk (stipe), annulus

Gills

Plates that radiate out from stalk on underside of cap

Basidia

Swollen ends of hyphae on gills

What does the uniting of two nuclei in each basidium result in?

Diploid nucleus undergoing basidium

What do the 4 resulting basidiospore sit on?

Sterigmata at tip of basidium

How can a mushroom be identified through the cap gill?

By placing the cap gill side down on paper, spores fall and adhere

What radiates from starting point of Fairy Rings and produces basidiomata?

Dikaryotic hyphae

What is produced on the surface of pores in Boletes instead of gills?

Spores

What type of fungi grows horizontally from bark or dead wood?

Shelf or bracket fungi

Puffballs

Spores released from pore at top

Bird’s Nest Fungi

Egglike bodies contain basidiospore

What are examples of parasitic species that do not form basidiomata?

Smuts, grain crops

What is absorbed by the Mycelium that prevents a parasitic species from forming basidiomata?

Nutrients from host cell

What does the secretion of substances from a parasitic species help host cell stimulate?

To form tumors

Rusts

Attack a wide variety of plants

How many hosts does Black stem rust require?

Two hosts