Hist 010 Test #2

Mongols

1. Originated in East Asia (north of China, above Beijing)

2. Initially nomadic pastoralists divided into warring clans

3. First unified under Temujin (later known as Genghis Khan)

4. Created largest land empire in history (Pacific Ocean to Eastern Europe)

5. Brought stability through Pax Mongolica (period of Mongol Peace)

Pastoralists

1. Nomadic people who only took care of animals (no agriculture)

2. Got all resources from animals (food, clothing, weapons, shelter)

3. Constantly moved to find grazing lands for herds

4. Lived in portable yurts (felt-covered tents)

5. Skilled warriors (necessary to protect herds and grazing lands)

oboq

1. Basic clan system of Mongol society

2. Members related by blood or marriage

3. Led by khan (clan leader chosen for military/political ability)

4. Had own council called quriltai (democratic decision-making body)

5. Operated independently within larger Mongol structure

khan

1. Leader of oboq (Mongol clan)

2. Selected through democratic process by quriltai

3. Chosen based on military and political abilities

4. Led warriors from front lines in battle

5. Could be removed from power by quriltai if ineffective

quiriltai

1. Council that made decisions for oboq (Mongol clan)

2. Democratic assembly of clan members

3. Women allowed to participate (unique for the time)

4. Elected and could remove khan (clan leader)

5. Made important tribal decisions (war, alliances, succession)

Temujin/Genghis Khan

1. Originally named Temujin (son of minor noble)

2. United warring Mongol tribes through military prowess

3. Created professional army of mounted warriors (130,000 cavalry)

4. Established capital at Karakorum (first Mongol fixed settlement)

5. Began conquest that created largest land empire in history

Kalka River

1. Major battle north of Black Sea (Mongols vs Russians)

2. Led by Mstislav (Russian prince) against Mongol forces

3. Mongols used advanced spy network for intelligence

4. Russians had larger but non-professional army

5. Mongols used feigned retreat tactic to defeat Russians

khanates

1. Four regions of divided Mongol Empire after Genghis Khan's death

2. Chaghadai/Chagatai Khanate (Central Asia, capital at Samarkand)

3. Ilkhanate (Persia, capital at Baghdad)

4. Golden Horde/Kipchak (Russia, founded by Batu)

5. Yuan Dynasty (China, ruled by Kublai Khan)

Ogedei

1. Third son of Genghis Khan (chosen as successor)

2. 2nd Khagan (supreme ruler) of unified Mongol Empire

3. Expanded empire through conquest of Central China

4. Maintained unity of empire through peaceful succession

5. Extensively used and expanded the Yam (messaging system)

6. Death of Ogedei –> halting European expansion

Karakorum

1. First permanent capital of Mongol Empire

2. Established by Genghis Khan as administrative center

3. Connected to empire through yam system (messenger network)

4. Located in present-day Mongolia

5. Symbolized transition from nomadic to settled empire

yam

1. Sophisticated messenger system connecting empire to Karakorum (Mongol capital)

2. Network of relay stations across empire

3. Facilitated rapid communication and intelligence gathering

4. Essential for maintaining imperial administration

5. Allowed messages to travel quickly across vast distances

Batu

1. Grandson of Genghis Khan (son of Jochi)

2. Established Golden Horde khanate (ruled Russia)

3. Led successful winter invasion of Russia

4. Created Mongol Yoke over Russia (period of Mongol control)

5. Built capital city of Sarai on Volga River

Russia/Hungary/Germany

1. Invaded by two Mongol armies simultaneously

2. European knights defeated by Mongol cavalry tactics

3. Russians forced to pay tribute to Golden Horde - fully conquered

4. Campaign halted by Ogedei's death (saved Western Europe)

5. Hungary devastated but Germany largely spared

Pax Mongolica

1. Period of Mongol Peace and stability

2. Created largest commercial network in history

3. Connected three continents under single rule

4. Facilitated exchange of ideas/technology/religion

5. Standardized weights/currency/communication systems

Toregene

1. Widow of Ogedei (second Great Khan of Mongol Empire)

2. Ruled as regent khatun 5 years (Mongol queen)

3. Built political support for son Guyuk (future khan)

4. Maintained stability during interregnum period

5. Successfully managed succession politics

Guyuk/Kuyuk

1. Son of Ogedei (second Great Khan) and Toregene

2. Third Great Khan of Mongol Empire

3. Rejected Christianity (sent defiant letter to Pope)

4. Demanded European submission to Mongols

5. Short reign ended by suspicious death

Ogulgaimish

1. Widow of Guyuk (Son of Ogedei, 3rd Great Khan)

2. Became khatun (Mongol Queen) during succession crisis

3. Fought for her sons' succession rights

4. Rival to Sorghaghtani (Genghis Khan's daughter-in-law)

5. Eliminated by Sorghaghtani's faction

Sorghaghtani

1. Daughter-in-law of Genghis Khan (married to Tolui)

2. Mother of Mongke and Kublai Khan (future Great Khans)

3. Masterful political strategist

4. Defeated Ogulgaimish faction in succession struggle

5. Secured power for her sons' branch of family

Mongke

1. Son of Sorghaghtani (grandson of Genghis Khan)

2. Fourth Great Khan of unified empire

3. Expanded empire to greatest territorial extent

4. Led campaigns against Song Dynasty (Southern China)

5. Last ruler of unified Mongol Empire

Silk Road

1. Ancient trade route connecting China to Mediterranean

2. Facilitated exchange of goods/ideas/technologies

3. Protected by Chinese armies (60,000 soldiers stationed)

4. Required powerful states to maintain security

5. Connected major trading cities (Chang'an to Samarkand)

Steppe Road

1. New northern route created during Pax Mongolica

2. Connected Black Sea ports to Karakorum

3. Alternative to traditional Silk Road

4. Protected by Mongol military

5. Linked Europe directly to Mongol heartland

John

1. Friar John of Piano Carpini (Papal envoy)

2. First European diplomat to visit Mongol court

3. Met Guyuk Khan (delivered Pope's letter)

4. Wrote detailed account of Mongol society

5. Warned Europe about Mongol military capabilities

William

1. William of Rubruck (Franciscan missionary)

2. Sent by King Louis IX, he was sent as an envoy but (French monarch)

3. Met Mongke Khan (fourth Great Khan)

4. Provided detailed descriptions of Mongol customs

5. Documented Mongol religious tolerance

Marco Polo

1. Venetian merchant who served Kublai Khan

2. Traveled Silk Road to Yuan Dynasty China

3. Administrator in Kublai's government

4. Documented Chinese technological advances

5. Book inspired European exploration

Rabban Bar Sauma

1. Chinese Christian monk from Beijing

2. Traveled from China to European coast

3. Met European monarchs and Pope

4. Diplomatic envoy for Il-Khan Arghun

5. Sought Christian allies against Muslim powers

Ibn Battuta

1. Moroccan explorer during Pax Mongolica (traveled for hajj/pilgrimage to Mecca)

2. Traveled 73,000 miles through 40 different countries

3. Journey facilitated by Islamic networks

4. Visited most major states and rulers

5. Documented diverse cultures and customs in his book

Black Death

1. Spread along Mongol trade routes

2. Transmitted by rats and fleas

3. Devastated populations across Eurasia

4. Facilitated by increased trade connections

5. Contributed to decline of Pax Mongolica

Zimbabwe

1. Capital Great Zimbabwe - center of international trade

2. Wealthy trading empire

3. Played a major role in gold trade

4. Wealth caused by ownership of cattle and king's heavy taxes on gold trade

5. Kingdom abandoned because of environmental damage

Ghana

1. Kingdom in Western Sudan (300 - 1067)

2. No system of writing or written history

3. First great civilization in Sudan

4. Not much information remains

5. arrose because of a monoploy on gold and salt

Mali

1. Second Great Kingdom in Sudan (After Ghana) (1230 - 1400)

2. Achieved wealth & power through trading gold and salt

3. Traveled north into Sahara to mine mine valuable salt

4. Adopted Arabic writing, created libraries and universities

5. Visited by Ibu Battuta -> Began Mali downfall

6. No primogeniture --> civil war ---> weakened Mali

7. ethnic groups subjugated by Mali rebel, Mali falls

Timbuktu

1. Strategic location made it a crucial crossroads for trans-Saharan trade routes

2. University of Timbuktu

3. Visited by Ibu Battuta

4. Major trading center of Ivory, gold, and salt

5. Extensive book and manuscript trade, known for its libraries

Sundiata Keita

1. Conquered greatest empire seen in Sudan (Mali)

2. First Sudan ruler to adopt Islam & subject followed (Huge impact)

3. Ruled from 1230 - 1255

4. Led Mali to Adopting Arabic writing

5. Subject of the "Epic of Sundiata"

6. Nick named "The Lion King"

Mansa Musa

1. Ruler duing greatest point in Mali history (1312 - 1337)

2. Sundiata Keita's great Nephew

3. World famous for incredible wealth

4. Pillagramige to Mecca with 60,000 of his subjects (1324 - 1326)

5. No revolts during his two year pillgrimage

6. brought 2000 lbs of gold

primogentiure

1. Ruler dies --> Oldest son automatically takes over

2. Pros: Reduces confusion and inflighting during power transfer

3. Cons: Heirs could be incompetent –> bad leadership –> government ineffective (Ex: Mongol decline)

4. Lack of primogentiure –> constant civil war –> weakening empires (Ex: Mali & Songhai Empires)

5.

Songhai

1. Third great Sudan Empire. Greatest Sudan Empire yet

2. Monopoly on gold and salt

3. Large and powerful army (200,000 soldiers)

4. Had horses and large cavalry (Rare in Sudan)

5. controlled Niger and Senegal rivers (controlled trans-Saharan trade) –> richer than Mali empire

6. Fell because of civil war following Muhammad Askia's death --> No primogentiure

Sonni Ali

1. Responsible for the Rise of Songhai empire

2. Ruled 1464 - 1492 (died in river)

3. Conqured most of sudan (for the first time)

4. Conquered Sahara Sea islands + norther ports of Sahara Desert

5. Had huge cavalry and navy

6. Great general (enemies thought he knew magic)

7. Father of Sonni Baru

Sonni Baru

1. Son of Sonni Ali

2. Only ruled 2 years

3. Thrown out rebelion led by Muhammad Askia

4. Challenged by Askia for not being a faithful muslim

5.

Muhammad Askia

1. Known as Askia the Great

2. Overthrows and Kicks Sonni Baru (His brother) out

3. Implimented Sharia law in Songhai

4. Traveled to mecca

5. Expanded Songhai Empire

6. Begain the Askia dynesty

Battle of Tondibi

1. Battle: Morocco vs Songhai in Sudan

2. Moroccan victory!

3. Marks end of Songhai empire

4. Morocco wanted control of sahara trade routes

5. 10,000 moroccan soldiers vs 40,000 songhai soldier

6. Morocco had better war tech than songhai (Morocco had firearms)

Yuan

1. Mandate of hevean - Empires exists only with the permission/acceptance of heaven

2. Established by Kublai Khan in 1271, marked the Mongol Empire's rule over China, claiming succession from previous Chinese dynasties.

3. Kublai Khan adopted Chinese bureaucratic practices, promoting Confucianism and stimulating agricultural and commercial growth, which contributed to the dynasty's initial stability and prosperity.

4. Decline began around 1350 with internal rebellions, disinterested emperors, and a lack of effective policy

5. Dynasty's final years were marked by famine and political instability –> Chu Yuan-chang overthrowing –> Ming dynasty's rise

Chu Yuan-Chang

1. Ming dynasty founder and first emperor

2. Poor Buddist monk during a period of anarchy in his youth

3. Joins Kuo Tzu-hsing criminal orginization, second in command

4. after Kuo dies Chu seizes control, rules tiny area in central China centered on city of Nanjing

5. conquered all of China and had freed China from Mongol rule

6. Restored peace after decades of anarchy

Hung-Wu

1. Emperor title for Chu Yuan-Chang (not dynasty title)

2. Means "Great military emperor"

3. Restors peace in China –> recovery period (from life experience –> good emperor)

4. Hung-wu names his eldest son’s eldest son (Hung-wu’s grandson) successor (primogeniture)

5.1398: Chu yun-wen/Zhu Yunwen becomes the 2nd Ming emperor at the age of 21

6. 1399: Chu Ti rebels against his nephew the emperor Chu yun-wen

7. 1402: Chu yun-wen disappears, Chu Ti becomes the Yung-lo/Yongle emperor (new emperor title)

Ming

1. Chinese imperial dynasty, overthrew mongol led Yuan dynasty

2. Restored peace in China after anarchy (recovery/period of rebirth under Hung-wu emperor)

3. Tribute system –> demonstration of Chinese power –> foreign envoys contacting China (during Yung-lo reign)

4. Military had 2 million soldiers

5. Used gunpowder and early firearms

6. Powerful Navy –> 7 exploration voyages –> contact outside world –> increase in Chinese knowledge of outside world + trade network participiation

7. Iconic architecture, and arts, and culture florished

8. rebellions and greed led to Ming's fall

Chu Ti

1. Hung-wu’s fourth son (Uncle of 2nd emperor)

2. rebels against his nephew the emperor Chu yun-wen (believes more qualifications for emperor)

3. Had 3 sons --> they were held hostage by chu yun-wen (2nd emperor) in nanjing

4. Chu Ti is dying --> requests his sons returned to say goodbye.

4. Chu Ti NOT DYING --> rebels against his nephew the emperor Chu yun-wen

5. Chu Ti becomes the Yung-lo/Yongle emperor --> 3rd emperor

Yung-Lo

1. Chinese army NEVER lost during Yung-Lo's reign (subjugates neighboring/foreign countries)

2. must “kowtow” before the emperor on the Dragon Throne (acknowledge China + Yung-lo mroe powerful)

3. Name means "ever-lasting joy"

4. wants to demonstrate that China is back, and that he is greatest ruler in history

5. reimpliments "tribute system"

6. Formed a 2 million man army --> send out ambassadors --> request contries participate in " tribute" --> ruler must come to bejing to KOWTOW ("BANG HEAD") for Yung-Lo

7. if rulers agreed, they were treated well --> "like a little brother" china will take care of u; Disagree: Chinese army defeat & force ruler to kowtow

8. More than 50 states agreed to tribute

Cheng Ho

1. Admiral for seven voyages of exploration

2. Gifted Emperor Yung-Lo a Griaffe from Africa (resembles mythic Chinese animal –> heaven happy with Ming Dynasty)

3. Castrated by a Ming general as a child

4. Expeditions aimed to establish Chinese dominance in Indian Ocean trade, impress foreign nations, and expand China's tributary system, involving large fleets and military displays.

5. Controlled a fleet of some of the largest wooden ships in history

6. Increase Chinese knowledge of outside world + ocean travel

Jimmu

1. Divine warrior

2. Led his people eastward from the island of Kyushu to establish a kingdom in the Yamato plain

3. Migrated to Central Japan

4. Legendary 1st Emperor of Japan (not historically confirmed as a real person)

5.

emperor

1. Ruler of an Empire

2. Japanese Emperors were usually limited in power by Shoguns or other officials

3. Japanese Emperor head of the Shinto religion

4.

5.

samurai

1. New class of military retainers

2. Purpose was to protect the security and prosperity of their patron

3. Fought on horseback

4. Expected to adhere to a strict moral code

5. Lived a life of simplicity and self sacrifice and were expected to maintain an intense and unquestioning loyalty to their lord

Taira Kiyomori

1. Military leader in 12th-century Japan

2. Established the first samurai-dominated administrative government

3. Taira clan rivaled the Minamoto clan (Japan's 2 powerful samurai clans)

4. Taira defeated Minamoto in the Heiji Rebellion of 1159, but spared Minamoto's children

5. Minamoto Yoritomo would return to defeat Taira clan after Taira Kiyomori's death

Minamoto Yoritomo

1. Exiled by Taira Kiyomori for 20 years, during which he strategized and built alliances that would aid his rise to power.

2. Defeated several rivals and set up his power base on the Kamakura peninsula, south of modern city Tokyo

3. First shogun (1185) - established the shogunate (bakufu) system after victory in Gempei war

4. Created the positions of shugo (constables) and jitō (district stewards) to oversee local governance and assert control over the provinces.

5. Transfered power from Kyoto to Kamakura

Gempei War

1. Civil conflict in Japan between the Minamoto and Taira clans, marking the end of Taira dominance and the rise of the Minamoto clan.

2. Decisive Minamoto victory at the naval Battle of Dan-no-ura

3. Established the Kamakura shogunate under Minamoto no Yoritomo, who became Japan's first shōgun in 1192

4. Aftermath saw the rise of the samurai class and a reduction in the emperor's political power, transforming the imperial role into a ceremonial one.

5. Began after a coup by the Taira clan in 1179, leading to a call to arms by the Minamoto in 1180, igniting a five-year-long struggle for power

Bakufu

1. Military government - shogun's authority over the military while the emperor remained a symbolic figure.

2. Minamoto Yoritomo - first shogun/shogunate/bakufu

3. Literally means "Tent government" symbolizing the military nature of the regime

4. Herieditary position --> passed through clans

5. 1221: Jokyu War=rebellion of Go-Toba (82nd emperor), rapidly crushed by 190,000 bakufu soldiers

Kamakura Shogunate

1. First Shogunate in Japan,was founded by Minamoto Yoritomo

2. Military governance, dual system of civil and military authority, roles of military governors (shugo) and stewards (jitō).

3. Establishment legal codes (Goseibai Shikimoku) and court of appeals, which laid foundations for future Japanese legal systems

4. Shogunate had real political and military power --> emperor becomes a symbolic figurehead

5. Lasted 135 years, demonstrating a relatively stable governance structure despite internal strife and external threats

Mongol Invasions

1. 1215: Mongols conquer Northern China, take Peking (Beijing)

2. 1234: Mongols conquer Central China

3. 1264-1294: reign of Kubilai Khan the 5th (and last) Khagan

4. 1279: Mongols defeat Southern Song Dynasty, complete conquest of China (=last great Mongol victory)

5.