last hmgt exam

multiplier effect

new money added from tourists-money respent within region and multiplies-tourist dollars spent to buy goods and services

tourism planning

usually a government responsibility; predicting the future, setting objectives, and outlining and implementing actions needed to attain objectives (timing, size, targeting, enhancement and preservation)

tourism business owners

want increase of number of tourists to area

employees

want job security and fair wages

nontourism business owners and employees

want growth of their industries

government officials

want strong local economy and reelection

taxpayers

want variety of government services and bearable taxes

local residents

want clean, safe community with a high quality of life

tourists

want enjoyable, safe places to visit with a full range of services

leakage

the money that comes into your country is spent out of country

stage one of irridex of irritation

euphoria over economic boom

stage two of irridex of irritation

apathy when taking tourism for granted

stage three of irridex of irritation

annoyance as residents become “saturated” with tourists and start to see downside

last stage of irridex of irritation

antagonism when locals treat tourists poorly because tourists seen as root of area problems

expat

person who lives outside their native country

triple bottom line

people, planet, profit

host community resources

local residents, economic system, infrastructure, natural resources

LEED certification levels

certified, SILVER, gold, platinum

woodrow wilson

signed off on the national park system in 1916

UNESCO

attempting to preserve historic cities and natural and cultural properties for future generations; established criteria for World Heritage Site

infrastructure

roads, ports and airports, utilities

superstructure

facilities directly associated with serving visitors’ needs like welcome centers, hotels, restaurants

greenwashers

tour operators who make dubious ecological claims

cultures that attract tourists

material goods, daily life activities, special expressions of culture

demonstration effect stage one

observation of behavior

demonstration effect stage two

analysis of a behavior

demonstration effect stage three

comparison of current behavior with the observed behavior

demonstration effect stage four

evaluation to determine if the behavior can be copied

demonstration effect stage five

decision to copy the behavior in some form

positive effects of mass tourism

learn about each other, sharing tastes and different ways of thinking, improved standard of living and greater educational opportunities, generating critical mass of interest to support native arts, preservation of area’s historical and natural sites

negative effects of mass tourism

overcrowding, clash of unfamiliar behaviors, resentment of residents, impact on authenticity, souvenirs mass produced outside of region, crime, facilities developed for visitor use only, decline in moral conduct, effect on native language

export

because it serves people from other regions/across borders, tourism is a(n) _______

pollution

land erosion; air, noise, and light pollution; decimation of flora and fauna and heritage sites

4 Rs of sustainable practice

reuse, recycle, reduce, buy recycled products

physical capacity

limit on the number of users that can be accommodated in a region

environmental capacity

limit on the number of users that can be accommodated before visitors perceive a decline in desirability

ecological capacity

max level of users that an area can accommodate before ecological damage is incurred

social capacity

amount of people a society and its land area can bear without substantial damage to its culture

managing physical and social capacity

restrictive entry with reservations, tickets, lottery systems, charging higher fees

culture

practices of a societ; customary beliefs, social roles, material objects passed down through generations

society

a broad grouping of people who have common traditions, institutions, activities, and interests

costa rica

pioneer country of ecotourism

trinketization

mass production of souvenirs, diminishing original value and significance

sex tourism

travel to a different locale for the sake of sexual activity, particularly with prostitutes; leads to human trafficking and victims are getting younger

crime during mass tourism

more potential victims, resentment and envy of visitors, less chance of getting caught, police protection cost increases, raises fear

tourism policy

set of regulations that provide a framework within which the collective and individual decisions directly affecting tourism development and a destinations daily activities are taken

core elements of ecotourism

nature based attractions, emphasis on learning, high desire for sustainability of natural attractions and native peoples

dark tourism

travel to morbid places historically associated with death like holocaust museums

promoting sustainability

develop mass tourism according to triple bottom line, allowing for ecotourism and other alternative tourism, minimize impacts and maximize ability of future generations to see the world

infrastructure; tourism

______ development comes before ______ development

comparative advantage

yielding better return on human and natural resource inputs

direct effects of multiplier concept

from first round of tourist spending

indirect effects of multiplier concept

second round from increase in purchases of tourism suppliers

induced effects of multiplier concept

other increases in economic activity

economic impact analysis (EIA)

best guess process to determine tourism activities’ effects on income and employment of residents; useful to policy makers, area residents, public/private orgs, tourism industry members

positive economic impacts of tourism

provide stable source of income, diversity to economy, incentive to improve infrastructure, opportunities for small businesses

destination image

detailed impression an individual or target segment has of a specific destination

barriers

discourage customers from participating on green practices (inconvenience, perceptions of cost cutting, concerns about decreased luxury)

five basic principles of ecotourism development

blend with the environment, focus on host community’s existing scenic and activity opportunities, locals own and manage, local materials used, ecotechniques used to conserve resources