Greek Mid-Term

Who made some members of the Hellenic League break away from Spartan leadership?

Pausanias

What title did Athens hold within the League from its inception?

Chief Admiral

What was the primary initial goal of the Delian League established in 477 BCE?

To maintain a maritime defense against Persia and seek compensation through loot

In what year was the Delian League treasury moved from the island of Delos to Athens?

454 BCE

In the context of the Athenian empire, what was a 'cleruchy' and why was it strategically important?

A colony of Athenian citizens established on conquered or allied land; it allowed Athens to maintain a military presence and provide land for its poorer citizens.

Between which years was the rebellion on Thasos?

465 and 463

Who commanded the allied Greek forces to a decisive victory over the Persian at the Battle of Plataea in 479 BCE

Pausanias

Why did many smaller members of the Delian League prefer to contribute cash (phoros) rather than triremes and rowers?

Maintaining ships and paying crews was significantly more expensive and labor-intensive for smaller states

The rebellion of the island of ______ between 465 and 463 BCE was a turning point because Athens used the League's navy to settle a dispute over metal mines rather than mutual defense.

Thasos

What established a formal peace between Athens and Persia, technically removing the primary reason for the Delian League's existence, and in what year did it happen?

Peace of Callias, 449

In what year did Pericles introduce a law requiring both parents to be Athenian for a person to be granted full citizenship?

451 BCE

Which architectural style is characterized by columns that have a spiraled 'volute' capital and usually sit on a base?

Ionic

What was proof of a shared Hellenic identity after the Persian Wars?

Bronze Serpent Column

What year was the Delian League created?

477 BCE

What years were the Athenian aid in the Egyptian revolt against Persia that ended in disaster?

460-454 BCE

What year did the Athenians shift the treasury of the Delian League from Delos to Athens (Marking the beginning of the Athenian Empire with no emperor)?

454 BCE

Who voted on laws and started wars in Athens, and where did they meet?

Ekklesia met on the Pnyx

Why did Corcyra want to join the Delian League, and what was the result and effect (435-433 BCE)?

Fear of Corinth, a defensive alliance, and Corinth became anti-Athens

What year was the Megarian Decree?

432 BCE

What polis couldn't use the harbors of the Delian League because they helped the Corinthians?

Megara

Small island of _____ that was neutral that refused to join the Delian Legue with Athenians killing all the men and selling all the women and children into slavery.

Melos

What years were the Peloponnesian War?

431 to 404 BCE

Following the death of Pericles in 429 BCE, what new type of politician emerged in Athenian politics?

The Demagogue

Invasion resulted in lost support from Sicilian allies, Alcibiades's defection, and they were eventually blockaded and captured at Syracuse (a catastrophic failure)

Athenian invasion of Sicily (415–413 BCE)

The Great Peloponnesian War effectively ended in 405 BCE when the Spartan admiral Lysander destroyed the Athenian fleet at ______.

Aegospotami

What was the purpose of the Megarian Decree issued by Athens in 432 BCE?

To bar Megarians from the Athenian agora and all Delian League ports

How did the Spartan victory at Sphacteria change the nature of the Peloponnesian War?

The surrender of Spartans shocked their reputation, and hostages prevented Sparta from conducting annual invasions of Attica.

_________ and in ___ BCE Athens settle the Messenian helots of Mount Ithome

Naupactos in 460-459

The pro-Spartan oligarchic regime established in Athens after the war in 404 BCE was known as the ______.

Thirty Tyrants

Which of the following describes the Athenian 'Oikos'?

The household unit including family, property, and slaves

What year was the Megarian decree declared?

432 BCE

Who narrated the Peloponnesian War?

Thucydides

Why did Athens help the Messenian helots of Mount Ithome?

The port location of Naupactos would hamper Corinth

What year did the "Thirty Years' Peace" start?

445 BCE

What were the conditions of the "Thirty Years' Peace"

No interference with allies; Allies cannot switch; Neutral states cannot be forced; Arbitration for disagreements; Free rein within leagues.

Who warned of Athens growing power before the Pelp. War?

Corinth

What broke the 30 years' peace?

The Megarian Decree

What happens in 431 BCE?

Thebes attacked Platea, ending arbitration

What was asked to avoid the Pelp. War?

Withdraw of the Megarian decree

Defensive strategy using the long walls and naval superiority

Periclean Strategy

A revolt of an Athenian ally that almost ended with Athens killing them all if not for the second boat

Mytilene

What puts an end to Sparta's annual invasions of Attica and shatters the myth of Spartan Valor?

Surrender on Sphacteria

___ defect to the Spartans and Cleon and Spartan king Brasidas die here in ___ BCE

Amphipolis, 422

What was the name of the "50 years' peace" that Sparta's allies were upset about, and was essentially an Athenian victory?

Peace of Nicias

The Peace of Nicias occurred in ___ BCE

421

A sequence of defeats pushes Sparta to ask for peace in ___ BCE, but the Athenians again decline peace

410

What was the primary benefit of the alliance between Sparta and Persia in 407 BCE?

Persia provided the funding necessary for the Spartan Navy.

Which naval battle in 405 BCE effectively ended Athenian power?

Battle of Aegospotami

After Athens lost the __________ it was a "death sentence" for the city of Athens because they could no longer import food.

Hellespont

What did some of Sparta’s allies suggest doing to Athens during the peace talks?

Turning Attica into pastureland and enslaving/killing the population

Surrender Terms for Athens after the Pelp War.

Athens joins Peloponnesian League; Exiles recalled; Walls taken down; Fleet reduced to 12 ships.

After the "Thirty Tyrants" Athens is restored to democracy by ___ BCE

401

What was the state of conflict when the Spartan contingent attempted to seize Piraeus?

There was no active war or confrontation at the time.

Why did the Spartan forced march fail to seize the Athenian port of Piraeus?

Miscalculations regarding the time needed for the march.

How did the Spartan envoys in Athens react when they were seized by the furious Athenians?

They assured the Athenians that Sparta would not forgive such an act.

What was the outcome of the trial for the Spartan commander who led the march against Piraeus?

He was found guilty and executed.

What was the major diplomatic consequence of the failed seizure of Piraeus?

Athens and Thebes formed an alliance against Sparta.

What years were the second Athenian League against Sparta?

377-371 BCE

1/2 Theban victories over Sparta, Battle of _______ in ___ BCE

Leuctra, 371

2/2 Theban victories over Sparta, Battle of ________ in ___ BCE

Mantinea, 362

What was the name of the elite Theban military unit consisting of 150 pairs of hoplites?

The Sacred Band

Why was the death of King Cleombrotus at the Battle of Leuctra historically significant?

He was the first Spartan king to die in battle since Leonidas at Thermopylae.

What was one of the most devastating consequences for Sparta following their defeat at Leuctra?

The liberation of Messenia and the freeing of the helots.

What new political entity was created by Sparta’s former allies in the Peloponnesus?

The Arcadian League

The death of ___________ left Thebes without the leadership necessary to maintain dominance after the Battle of Mantinea.

Epaminondas

________ was a Persian satrap that supported rebellions to gain greek land

Mausolus

What was the result of the rebellions supported by Mausolus?

The Second Athenian League was significantly reduced in size and power.

What years were the Invasion of Sicily?

415-413 BCE

___ was against war in Sicily and ___ was for it, would eventually lead troops with ___

Nicias, Alcibiades, Lamachus

What happened before the departure against Sicily?

Sacrilege of the herms

The city of ___ convinced Athens to launch the invasion of Sicily

Segesta

How did the city of Segesta convince Athens to launch the invasion of Sicily?

They used deceit to make themselves appear wealthier than they were.

Why did Alcibiades, the mastermind of the expedition, flee to Sparta?

He was recalled to Athens to face charges regarding the "herm business."

Which Spartan general arrived in Syracuse to thwart the Athenian siege?

Gylippus

How did the Athenian commander Nicias accidentally cause more troops to be sent to Sicily?

His plan to dissuade the Athenians by requesting massive reinforcements backfired.

What was the final outcome for the Athenian soldiers after their sea retreat failed?

They were captured and left to die in the stone quarries of Syracuse.

How did Thucydides summarize the end of the Sicilian Expedition?

"All was lost. Ships. Men. Everything."

Why did the Macedonian kings ally with the Persians in 480 BCE?

To protect themselves from their local neighbors.

Which resources allowed Macedonia to fund its cultural and political growth?

Grain and Timber

What was a primary goal of the Macedonian kings regarding their social status?

To be accepted as Greeks and Hellenize their nobility.

What is unique about Macedonian royal capitals?

They were often newly created by each ruler and centered on palaces.

Where did Philip II spend two years as a teenage hostage?

Thebes

Why did Philip II engage in "serial wedding" (marrying multiple wives)?

To create diplomatic alliances to protect Macedon from its neighbors.

By conquering these gold mines, Philip II bankrolled his massive military reforms:

Mt. Pangeum and the city of Amphipolis

A massive long spear called a _______ and lighter armor were the primary equipment of the Macedonian phalanx.

sarissa

The __________ were a more mobile, defensive group that carried heavier shields but lighter armor.

Hypaspists

Noble elite heavy shock cavalry of the Macedonian army:

Hetairoi

What years did Philip II reign?

359-336 BCE

______ emerges as a major power in Thessaly by allied with their old rival, Pherae

Phocis

Why did Thebes originally ask Philip II of Macedon for help?

They were worried about the growing power of Thessaly.

This victory allowed Philip to consolidate power over Thessaly:

Battle of the Crocus Field

What major conflict divided Greece during Philip’s rise to power?

The Third Sacred War.

In what year did Philip gain control over the council of Delphi?

346 BCE

What was used for public works and festival distributions in Athens?

Theoric Fund

How did Philip II use the city of Amphipolis to outmaneuver Athens?

He promised to return it if they stopped supporting a rival, then kept it.

Why was Athens unable to stop Philip’s early expansion?

They were distracted by the "Social War" (defection of league members).

Philip II of Macedon destroyed this city in northern Greece in 348 BCE:

Olynthus

Why is the destruction of Olynthus significant for archaeologists?

It provides a precise "time capsule" of life before 348 BCE.

Who was Philip II's most vocal opponent in Athens?

Demosthenes

Who was Philip II's most vocal supporter in Athens?

Aeschines