D849 Bio Review

Biology

What are biotic factors?

Living or once-living components of an ecosystem.

What is electronegativity?

An atom's ability to attract electrons.

What is the difference between ionic and covalent bonds?

Ionic bonds transfer electrons; covalent bonds share electrons.

How are hydrogen bonds different from ionic and covalent bonds?

Covalent and ionic bonds occur between atoms. Hydrogen bonds occur between atoms of different molecules.

What is cohesion?

Water molecules are attracted to each other because of hydrogen bonding.

What is adhesion?

The attraction between water molecules and other molecules.

What causes surface tension?

Cohesion between water molecules.

What is capillary action?

Water moving through a narrow space because of cohesion and adhesion.

Which has a higher density, liquid water or ice?

Liquid water.

Why does water change temperature slowly?

Hydrogen bonds absorb a lot of energy.

Carbohydrates: monomer and examples?

Monosaccharides; glucose and cellulose.

Proteins: monomer and examples?

Amino acids; enzymes and transport proteins.

Lipids: monomer and examples?

Fatty acids; glycerol

Nucleic acids: monomer and examples?

Nucleotides; DNA and RNA.

What are the four types of lipids?

Waxes, Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids.

Function of triglycerides?

Energy storage.

Function of phospholipids?

Form cell membranes.

Function of steroids?

Hormones and membrane structure.

Function of waxes?

Protection and waterproofing.

What are the DNA bases?

A, T, C, G.

What are the RNA bases?

A, U, C, G.

What structures do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have in common?

DNA, cell membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and cytoskeleton.

What structures are unique to plant cells?

Cell wall, chloroplasts, and large central vacuole.

Why do phospholipid tails face inward?

They are hydrophobic and avoid water.

What do membrane proteins do?

Transport substances and assist communication.

What do membrane carbohydrates do?

Cell recognition and communication.

Difference between passive and active transport?

Passive transport requires no energy; active transport requires energy.

Direction of passive transport?

High concentration to low concentration.

Direction of active transport?

Low concentration to high concentration.

Which transport mechanisms require transport proteins?

Facilitated diffusion and active transport.

What moves during osmosis?

Water.

Is osmosis passive or active?

Passive.

What is ATP?

A high-energy molecule with three phosphates.

What is ADP?

A lower-energy molecule with two phosphates.

What is phosphorylation?

Adding a phosphate to ADP to make ATP.

Equation for phosphorylation?

ADP + P + energy → ATP.

Where does glycolysis occur?

Cytoplasm.

What is glycolysis?

The first stage of cellular respiration that breaks down glucose into pyruvate and produces a small amount of ATP and NADH.

What are the inputs of glycolysis?

Glucose, ADP, NAD+

What are the outputs of glycolysis?

Pyruvate, ATP, and NADH.

Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

Mitochondria.

What is the Krebs cycle?

The second stage of cellular respiration that breaks down molecules derived from pyruvate and produces NADH, FADH2, and a small amount of ATP.

Where does the ETC occur?

Inner mitochondrial membrane.

What is the electron transport chain (ETC)?

The final stage of cellular respiration where electrons from NADH and FADH2 are used to generate a large amount of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.

Which stage produces the most ATP?

Electron transport chain.

Is fermentation aerobic or anaerobic?

Anaerobic.

Where does fermentation occur?

Cytoplasm.

Two types of fermentation?

Lactic acid and alcoholic.

What are homologous chromosomes?

Matching chromosomes from each parent.

What are sister chromatids?

Identical copies of the same chromosome.

Stages of the cell cycle?

G1, S, G2, Mitosis, Cytokinesis.

What occurs during S phase?

DNA replication.

What is the purpose of histones?

DNA spools around in order to get them to fit in the nucleus

What happens during prophase?

Chromosomes condense and the nuclear membrane breaks down.

When does DNA condense?

Prophase.

When does DNA decondense?

Telophase.

What is the purpose of mitosis?

Growth and repair.

What is the purpose of meiosis?

Production of gametes (sex cells).

How many daughter cells result from mitosis?

2.

How many daughter cells result from meiosis?

4.

What separates during anaphase of mitosis?

Sister chromatids.

What separates during anaphase I?

Homologous chromosomes.

What separates during anaphase II?

Sister chromatids.

What is crossing over?

Exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes.

When does crossing over occur?

Prophase I.

Where does DNA replication occur?

Nucleus.

During what stage does DNA replication occur?

S phase.

What enzyme is used in DNA replication?

DNA polymerase.

What are the DNA base-pairing rules?

A-T and C-G.

What is semi-conservative replication?

Each new DNA molecule contains one old strand and one new strand.

Where does transcription occur?

Nucleus.

Where does translation occur?

Ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

What three things are needed for translation?

mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes.

What is a silent mutation?

A DNA change that does not change the protein produced.

How can genotype change but phenotype stay the same?

A mutation changes DNA and mRNA, but a different codon may still code for the same amino acid and protein.

What is the FOIL method used for?

To list all possible gametes an organism can produce.

When do you use a Punnett square?

To predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes.

Why are males more likely to be color blind?

They have only one X chromosome, so a recessive allele cannot be masked.

What is polygenic inheritance?

A trait controlled by multiple genes.

How many genes are involved in polygenic inheritance?

Two or more.

What is microevolution?

Changes in allele frequencies within a population.

What is macroevolution?

Large-scale evolutionary change that can lead to new species.

What is natural selection?

Individuals with beneficial traits survive and reproduce more successfully.

What is gene flow?

Movement of alleles between populations.

What is genetic drift?

Random changes in allele frequencies.

Which mechanisms increase gene pool diversity?

Mutation and gene flow.

True or False: Evolution requires genetic variation.

True.

True or False: Individuals evolve to adapt.

False. Populations evolve.

What is a speciation event?

The formation of a new species.

How is a speciation event shown on a cladogram?

A branch point where two groups diverge.

Population definition?

A group of the same species in one area.

Community definition?

All species living in an area.

Ecosystem definition?

Living and nonliving things interacting in an area.

What level includes zebras, giraffes, acacia trees, and a lake?

Ecosystem.

What is a keystone species?

A species with a disproportionately large effect on its ecosystem.

What is a foundation species?

A species that creates habitat for other organisms.

Coral is what type of species?

Foundation species.

Mutualism?

Both species benefit.

Commensalism?

One benefits; the other is unaffected.

What is Herbivory?

One organism eats plants; consumer benefits and plant is harmed.