[MANUFACTURING PHARMACY] Liquid Dosage Forms - Part 2

a. Flocculated system

Type of suspension system:

1) Also called Coagulated System and Colloidally Unstable System

2) Particles appear like tufts of wool, with loose fibrous structure

3) Coarse textured due to the floccules formed

a. Flocculated system

b. Deflocculated system

b. Deflocculated system

Type of suspension system:

1) Also called Peptized System or Colloidally Stable System.

2) Frequently results to a pharmaceutically poor suspension.

3) Particles settle as a dense sediment, which becomes more compact after a given time interval.

a. Flocculated system

b. Deflocculated system

Coagulated system or Colloidally unstable system.

a. Flocculated system

b. Deflocculated system

a. Flocculated system

Peptized system or Colloidally stable system.

a. Flocculated system

b. Deflocculated system

b. Deflocculated system

Flocculated system except:

a. Settling rate is rapid.

b. Sediment volume is high.

c. Particle size is larger with more inter-particulate space.

d. Sediments are loose and easily redispersible.

e. Supernatant is turbid.

f. None

e. Supernatant is turbid:

Supernatant is CLEAR in flocculated suspension.

Deflocculated suspension except:

a. Settling rate is slow.

b. Sediment volume is low.

c. Particle size is smaller and non uniform with less inter-particulate space.

d. Sediments are compact and more prone to caking.

e. Supernatant is turbid.

f. None

f. None

Suspension system that is more pharmaceutically elegant.

a. Deflocculated system

b. Flocculated system

b. Flocculated system

Are easily wet by water or other polar liquids.

a. Hydrophilic substances

b. Hydrophobic substances

a. Hydrophilic substances

Repel water, but are easily wetted by non-polar liquids.

a. Hydrophilic substances

b. Hydrophobic substances

b. Hydrophobic substances

May greatly increase the viscosity of an aqueous suspension.

a. Hydrophilic substances

b. Hydrophobic substances

a. Hydrophilic substances

It does not alter the viscosity of aqueous suspension.

a. Hydrophilic substances

b. Hydrophobic substances

b. Hydrophobic substances

These can be incorporated into suspensions without a need for a wetting agent.

a. Hydrophilic substances

b. Hydrophobic substances

a. Hydrophilic substances

These are difficult to disperse and frequently float on the surface of the liquid, due to poor wetting of particles.

a. Hydrophilic substances

b. Hydrophobic substances

b. Hydrophobic substances

Suspending agent:

Binds water molecules, limiting their mobility or fluidity.

a. Hydrophilic colloids

b. Clays

c. Wetting agents

d. Flocculating agents

e. Others

a. Hydrophilic colloids

Suspending agent:

Acacia

Tragacanth

Cellulose (MC, CMC)

a. Hydrophilic colloids

b. Clays

c. Wetting agents

d. Flocculating agents

e. Others

a. Hydrophilic colloids

Hydrophilic colloids except:

a. Acacia

b. Tragacanth

c. Magnesium aluminum silicate

d. MethylCellulose

e. None

c. Magnesium aluminum silicate

Suspending agent:

Exhibits thixotrophy: reversible gel-sol formation.

a. Hydrophilic colloids

b. Clays

c. Wetting agents

d. Flocculating agents

e. Others

b. Clays

Suspending agent:

Bentonite

Veegum

Magma

a. Hydrophilic colloids

b. Clays

c. Wetting agents

d. Flocculating agents

e. Others

b. Clays

Suspending agent:

Displaces air from the crevices of hydrophobic solids to allow penetration of water.

a. Hydrophilic colloids

b. Clays

c. Wetting agents

d. Flocculating agents

e. Others

c. Wetting agents

Suspending agent:

Glycerin

Polypropylene Glycol (PPG)

PEG

Syrup

Surfactants

a. Hydrophilic colloids

b. Clays

c. Wetting agents

d. Flocculating agents

e. Others

c. Wetting agents

Wetting agents except:

a. Tragacanth

b. Glycerin

c. Polypropylene Glycol (PPG)

d. PEG, Syrup

a. Tragacanth

Suspending agent:

Decreases the zeta potential of particles causing aggregation.

a. Hydrophilic colloids

b. Clays

c. Wetting agents

d. Flocculating agents

e. Others

d. Flocculating agents

Zeta potential is the _____ forces between particles.

a. Impulsive

b. Repulsive

c. Attractive

d. Intrusive

b. Repulsive

Flocs/Floccules:

a. Loose aggregates

b. Light fluffy particles

c. Both

d. None

c. Both

Suspending agent:

Electrolytes

Surfactants

Polymers

a. Hydrophilic colloids

b. Clays

c. Wetting agents

d. Flocculating agents

e. Others

d. Flocculating agents

Other suspending agents except:

a. Agar

b. Carrageenan

c. Gelatin

d. Pectin

e. Gelatinized starch

f. None

f. None

Can improve the wetting characteristics of hydrophobic powders

a. Surfactants

b. Dispersion aids

c. Both

d. None

c. Both

Decrease the solid-liquid interfacial tension

a. Surfactants

b. Dispersion aids

a. Surfactants

Surfactant type:

Sodium lauryl sulfate

Soaps

Alkyl SO4

Sarcosinates

a. Anionic

b. Cationic

c. Non-ionic

d. Amphoteric

a. Anionic

Surfactant type:

Benzalkonium chloride

Cetypyridinium Cl

a. Anionic

b. Cationic

c. Non-ionic

d. Amphoteric

b. Cationic

Surfactant type:

Sorbitan esters (Spans)

Polysorbates (Tweens)

a. Anionic

b. Cationic

c. Non-ionic

d. Amphoteric

c. Non-ionic

Surfactant type:

Betaine

Lecithin

a. Anionic

b. Cationic

c. Non-ionic

d. Amphoteric

d. Amphoteric

True about HLB system except:

a. Stands for hydrophilic-lipophilic balance

b. Categorize anionic surfactants

c. Values range between 1 and 40

d. The higher the value the more hydrophilic

e. None

b. Categorize anionic surfactants

HLB system is for NONIONIC SURFACTANTS.

HLB: 1-3

a. Antifoaming

b. W/O Emulsifier

c. Wetting Agent

d. O/W Emulsifier

e. Detergent

f. Solubilizer

a. Antifoaming

HLB: 3-6

a. Antifoaming

b. W/O Emulsifier

c. Wetting Agent

d. O/W Emulsifier

e. Detergent

f. Solubilizer

b. W/O Emulsifier

HLB: 7-9

a. Antifoaming

b. W/O Emulsifier

c. Wetting Agent

d. O/W Emulsifier

e. Detergent

f. Solubilizer

c. Wetting Agent

HLB: 8-18

a. Antifoaming

b. W/O Emulsifier

c. Wetting Agent

d. O/W Emulsifier

e. Detergent

f. Solubilizer

d. O/W Emulsifier

HLB: 13-16

a. Antifoaming

b. W/O Emulsifier

c. Wetting Agent

d. O/W Emulsifier

e. Detergent

f. Solubilizer

e. Detergent

HLB: 15-20

a. Antifoaming

b. W/O Emulsifier

c. Wetting Agent

d. O/W Emulsifier

e. Detergent

f. Solubilizer

f. Solubilizer

Dispersion aid type:

Cellulose derivatives:

Methylcellulose

Carboxymethylcellulose

a. Hydrophilic polymers

b. Water-insoluble hydrophilic materials

a. Hydrophilic polymers

Dispersion aid type:

Bentonite

Veegum

Colloidal silica

a. Hydrophilic polymers

b. Water-insoluble hydrophilic materials

b. Water-insoluble hydrophilic materials

Hydrophilic but water-insoluble materials except:

a. Bentonite

b. Sorbitan esters

c. Veegum

d. Colloidal silica

e. None

b. Sorbitan esters

Native Colloidal Hydrated Aluminum Silicate

a. Bentonite

b. Sorbitan esters

c. Veegum

d. Colloidal silica

a. Bentonite

Magnesium Aluminum Silicate

a. Bentonite

b. Sorbitan esters

c. Veegum

d. Colloidal silica

c. Veegum

Method of suspension preparation:

Finely divided solid drug is wetted first before dispersion in the liquid vehicle.

a. Dispersion

b. Precipitation

a. Dispersion

Method of suspension preparation:

Finely divided solid drug is reacted with another substance.

a. Dispersion

b. Precipitation

b. Precipitation

Method of suspension preparation for Milk of Magnesia.

a. Dispersion

b. Precipitation

b. Precipitation

EMULSION

EMULSION

General considerations for emulsion except:

a. Emulsions are unstable by nature.

b. Internal phase should be 40-60% of total volume.

c. Oil phase is confined to high grade mineral oil.

d. Mixing is usually done at 70-72C.

e. Rate of cooling should be fast.

f. None

e. Rate of cooling should be fast:

Rate of cooling should be SLOW in emulsion.

Concentration of internal phase of emulsion:

a. 30-40%

b. 40-50%

c. 40-60%

d. 50-70%

c. 40-60%

Temperature for mixing of emulsion.

a. 65-67C

b. 70-72C

c. 70-75C

d. 80-85C

b. 70-72C

Addition of perfume to W/O emulsion.

a. Perfume is added at 43-45C

b. Perfume is added at near room temperature

c. Perfume is added at 70-72C

b. Perfume is added at near room temperature

Addition of perfume to O/W emulsion.

a. Perfume is added at 43-45C

b. Perfume is added at near room temperature

c. Perfume is added at 70-72C

a. Perfume is added at 43-45C

Lower internal phase volume can lead to difficulty in avoiding:

a. Creaming

b. High viscosity

c. Sedimentation

d. a and b

e. a and c

f. b and c

e. a and c:

Creaming and sedimentation

How to improve creaming and sedimentation caused by lower internal phase volume?

a. Increasing the consistency of external phase

b. Addition of hydrophilic colloids

c. Decreasing the consistency of internal phase

d. Employing special manufacturing process

e. a and b

f. c and d

e. a and b:

Increasing the consistency of external phase

Addition of hydrophilic colloids

Increasing the consistency of external phase is through addition of

a. Bentonite

b. Acacia

c. Veegum

d. Glycerin

b. Acacia

High internal phase volume can lead to:

a. Creaming

b. High viscosity

c. Sedimentation

d. a and b

e. a and c

f. b and c

b. High viscosity

How to improve high viscosity caused by high internal phase volume?

a. Increasing the consistency of external phase

b. Addition of hydrophilic colloids

c. Decreasing the consistency of internal phase

d. Employing special manufacturing process

e. a and b

f. c and d

d. Employing special manufacturing process

More possible to undergo phase inversion

a. O/W emulsion

b. W/O emulsion

c. Low internal phase volume

d. High internal phase volume

b. W/O emulsion

Phase inversion is more possible with water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions, than with oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions.

a. True

b. False

a. True

Instabilities of emulsion except:

a. Sedimentation

b. Creaming

c. Breaking/Cracking

d. Flocculation/Aggregation

e. Coalescence

f. None

f. None

Due to the dispersed phase being less dense than the continuous phase.

a. Upward creaming

b. Downward creaming

a. Upward creaming

This is normally observed in o/w emulsions.

a. Upward creaming

b. Downward creaming

a. Upward creaming

Due to the dispersed phase being more dense than the continuous phase.

a. Upward creaming

b. Downward creaming

b. Downward creaming

The upward movement of dispersed globules.

a. Sedimentation

b. Creaming

c. Breaking/Cracking

d. Flocculation/Aggregation

e. Coalescence

b. Creaming

Thw downward movement of dispersed globules.

a. Sedimentation

b. Creaming

c. Breaking/Cracking

d. Flocculation/Aggregation

e. Coalescence

a. Sedimentation

The dispersed globules come together but do not fuse.

a. Sedimentation

b. Creaming

c. Breaking/Cracking

d. Flocculation/Aggregation

e. Coalescence

d. Flocculation/Aggregation

Complete fusion of droplets.

a. Sedimentation

b. Creaming

c. Breaking/Cracking

d. Flocculation/Aggregation

e. Coalescence

e. Coalescence

Complete separation of oil and water.

a. Sedimentation

b. Creaming

c. Breaking/Cracking

d. Flocculation/Aggregation

e. Coalescence

c. Breaking/Cracking

Emulsifier:

1) Influence emulsification by acting as hydrophilic colloids.

2) Increase the viscosity of the aqueous phase.

a. Natural emulsifiers

b. Finely divided solids

c. Synthetic emulsifiers

d. High molecular weight alcohols

a. Natural emulsifiers

Plant/vegetable derived natural emulsifier except:

a. Pectin

b. Starch

c. Alginates

d. Tragacanth

e. Casein

f. Acacia

e. Casein

Animal derived natural emulsifier except:

a. Gelatin

b. Alginates

c. Casein

d. Egg yolk

e. Lanolin or wool fat

f. Cholesterol

b. Alginates

Emulsifier:

1) Influence emulsification by its tendency (by polar solids) to be wetted by water and (by non-polar solids) to be wetted by the oil phase.

a. Natural emulsifiers

b. Finely divided solids

c. Synthetic emulsifiers

d. High molecular weight alcohols

b. Finely divided solids

Emulsifier:

1) Shown to be good, in combination with synthetic or plant-derived emulsifiers.

2) Since the polar or non-polar solid appears to exist as a fine colloidal layer, acting as an interfacial barrier to promote flocculation.

a. Natural emulsifiers

b. Finely divided solids

c. Synthetic emulsifiers

d. High molecular weight alcohols

b. Finely divided solids

Finely divided solids:

Mg(OH)2

Al2(OH)3

Trisilicates

a. Colloidal clays

b. Metallic hydroxides

b. Metallic hydroxides

Finely divided solids:

Bentonite

Veegum

a. Colloidal clays

b. Metallic hydroxides

a. Colloidal clays

Emulsifier:

Promote emulsification by its adsorption at the oil-water interface as a monomolecular phase.

a. Natural emulsifiers

b. Finely divided solids

c. Synthetic emulsifiers

d. High molecular weight alcohols

c. Synthetic emulsifiers

Can be anionic, cationic, and non-ionic.

a. Natural emulsifiers

b. Finely divided solids

c. Synthetic emulsifiers

d. High molecular weight alcohols

c. Synthetic emulsifiers

Emulsifier:

1) Function as thickening agents and stabilizers.

2) Produce O/W emulsions of certain topical ointments and lotions.

a. Natural emulsifiers

b. Finely divided solids

c. Synthetic emulsifiers

d. High molecular weight alcohols

d. High molecular weight alcohols

Emulsifier:

Stearyl alcohol

Cetyl Alcohol

Glyceryl

a. Natural emulsifiers

b. Finely divided solids

c. Synthetic emulsifiers

d. High molecular weight alcohols

d. High molecular weight alcohols

AEROSOLS

AEROSOLS

Components of aerosol package except:

a. Propellant

b. Container

c. Valve and actuator

d. Product concentrate

e. None

e. None

Typical valve assembly except:

1. Mounting cup

2. Valve body or housing

3. Stem

4. Gasket

5. Spring

6. Dip tube

a. Mounting cup

b. Gasket

c. Stem

d. None

d. None

Ferrule

a. Mounting cup

b. Gasket

c. Stem

d. Spring

e. Valve body

a. Mounting cup

Aerosol propellant:

Commonly used in oral and inhalation use.

a. Fluorinated hydrocarbons

b. Hydrocarbons

c. Compressed gases

d. a and b

e. b and c

f. a and c

a. Fluorinated hydrocarbons

Aerosol propellant:

Topical pharmaceutical aerosols

a. Fluorinated hydrocarbons

b. Hydrocarbons

c. Compressed gases

d. a and b

e. b and c

f. a and c

e. b and c:

Hydrocarbons

Compressed gases

Fluorinated hydrocarbon propellant: 11

a. Trichloromonofluoromethane

b. Dichlorofluoromethane

c. Dichlorotetrafluoroethane

a. Trichloromonofluoromethane

Fluorinated hydrocarbon propellant: 12

a. Trichloromonofluoromethane

b. Dichlorofluoromethane

c. Dichlorotetrafluoroethane

b. Dichlorofluoromethane

Fluorinated hydrocarbon propellant: 114

a. Trichloromonofluoromethane

b. Dichlorofluoromethane

c. Dichlorotetrafluoroethane

c. Dichlorotetrafluoroethane

Fluorinated hydrocarbon propellant: 115

a. Chloropentafluoroethane

b. Monochlorodifluoroethane

c. Difluoroethane

d. Octaflurocyclobutane

a. Chloropentafluoroethane

Fluorinated hydrocarbon propellant: 152

a. Chloropentafluoroethane

b. Monochlorodifluoroethane

c. Difluoroethane

d. Octaflurocyclobutane

c. Difluoroethane

Fluorinated hydrocarbon propellant: C318

a. Chloropentafluoroethane

b. Monochlorodifluoroethane

c. Difluoroethane

d. Octaflurocyclobutane

d. Octaflurocyclobutane

Fluorinated hydrocarbon propellant: 142

a. Chloropentafluoroethane

b. Monochlorodifluoroethane

c. Difluoroethane

d. Octaflurocyclobutane

b. Monochlorodifluoroethane

Hydrocarbon propellant: A-17

a. Propane

b. Butane

c. Isobutane

b. Butane

Hydrocarbon propellant: A-31

a. Propane

b. Butane

c. Isobutane

c. Isobutane

Hydrocarbon propellant: A-108

a. Propane

b. Butane

c. Isobutane

a. Propane

Compressed gases except:

a. Nitrogen

b. Carbon dioxide

c. Nitrous oxide

d. None

d. None

Aerosols filling method:

1) Restricted to non-aqueous products and to those products not adversely affected by low temperatures

2) Both the product concentrate and the propellant must be cooled to -34.5 to -40°C

a. Cold Filling Method

b. Pressure Filling Method

a. Cold Filling Method

In cold filling method, both the product concentrate and the propellant must be cooled to what temperature?

a. -34.5 to -35°C

b. -34.5 to -40°C

c. -35.5 to -40°C

d. -35.5 to -45°C

b. -34.5 to -40°C

Aerosols filling method:

1) The product concentrate is quantitatively placed in the aerosol container;

2) The valve assembly is inserted and crimped into place and;

3) The liquefied gas, under pressure, is metered into the valve stem from a pressure burette

a. Cold Filling Method

b. Pressure Filling Method

b. Pressure Filling Method