MICR102A - Streptococcus

these are gram (+), non-motile, non-sporeforming coccus, in pairs or chains

streptococcus

true or false

streptococcus has more thicker/definite capsule compared to staphylococcus

true

true or false

streptococcus are capsulated

true

what is the size of an individual streptococcus?

0.6 to 1 um in diameter

give the habitat of streptococcus (3)

streptococcus as:

a. saprophytes - milk

b. parasites - mucous membranes and intestines

two classification systems for streptococcus (2)

1. sherman

2. lancefield

_______ means that an organism has a specific and often complex nutritional requirement for growth

fastidious

true or false

streptococcus has a larger colony than staphylococcus

false. smaller.

what are the four groups of streptococcus based on the sherman classification (4)

a. pyogenic group

b. viridans group

c. lactic acid group

d. enterococcus group

in the sherman classification, this group includes streptococcus species that are pathogenic and are associated with infections that often produce pus

pyogenic

in the sherman classification, this group typically exhibit alpha-hemolysis, meaning they cause a partial breakdown of red blood cells on agar which produces a greenish discoloration around the colonies

viridans

in the sherman classification, this group are associated with the production of lactic acid during fermentation, they are commonly found in milk or other dairy environments

lactic acid

in the sherman classification, this group were originally classified as streptococcus but are now classified as a seperate genus ____________. they are found in the intestinal tract and are sometimes opportunistic pathogens

enterococcus

what are the first original six (6) groups that were identified in the lancefield classification?

A, B, C, D, E, and N

this method of classification of streptococcus is based on the presence of a serologically active carbohydrate antigen known as the "C substance" found on or between the cell wall and cell membrane of Streptococcus species.

lancefield

in the lancefield classification, what group is highly pathogenic and notorious among the group?

group A

__________________ makes it possible to attach to host cells

lipoteichoic acid

streptolysins produces _________

hemolysis

hyaluronic acid capsule interferes with?

phagocytosis

another virulence factor is protein _ where it is responsible for virulence: type-specific immunity, Inhibits phagocytosis immunotoxic effect on polymorphs and platelets

protein M

true or false

only streptolysin O is responsible for beta hemolysis

false. both streptolysin O and S

a reliable indicator of past or recent infection with Streptococcus pyogenes

Antibodies to Streptolysin O (ASO)

true or false

streptolysin S is sensitive to oxygen while streptolysin O is not

false. streptolysin O is sensitive to oxygen, S is not

true or false

streptolysin o and s are both toxic for neutrophils and macrophages

true

true or false

streptolysin O is protein which elicits neutralizing antibodies

true

true or false

streptolysin S is a protein, non-antigenic

false. streptolysin s is a peptide and non-antigenic.

other term for streptokinase

fibrinolysis

streptokinase activates plasminogen to plasmin leading to digestion of ______________________

fibrin clots

are extracellular enzymes produced by Streptococcus that helps bacteria in facilitating tissue invasion and promoting bacterial growth.

dnases (a, b, c, d)

dnases is also called?

streptodornase

true or false

pus contains dead immune cells (like neutrophils) and bacterial debris, which can increase the viscosity of the fluid.

true

promotes spread of infection in tissues "spreading factor"

hyaluronidase

erythrogenic toxin (A, B, C) other term

pyrogenic exotoxins

in the erythrogenic toxin, what group is a responsible for rashes in scarlet fever

group a

these kill phagocytes produced by some Group A streptococci

NADases

these are broad substrate specifically produced by group A streptococci

proteinase

what streptococcus species appears in long chains in udder secretions from infected cows and produces brick-red growth on starch-containing media, aiding its identification. It is important in both human and veterinary medicine, causing neonatal infections in humans and mastitis in dairy cattle.

streptococcus agalactiae

this is a laboratory test used to identify Streptococcus agalactiae based on synergistic hemolysis with Staphylococcus aureus.

CAMP test

who developed the CAMP Test?

Christie, Atkins, and Munch-Petersen (CAMP)

true or false

streptococcus agalactiae

is in the mammary glands of cows, sheep and goats that spread thru milker’s hands, contaminated milking machines, mouth of calves, and enters thru teats and colonize mammary glands resulting to inflammation and fibrosis of adjoining area, milk becomes alkaline and WBC count exceeds 500, 000/ml, milk reduced, thin and watery

true

true or false

vaccination is an effective prevention for streptococcus agalactiae

false

two ways of diagnosing streptococcus agalactiae

(1.) direct smears

(2.) colony characteristics and biochemical tests

this streptococcus species is a Lancefield Group C Streptococcus associated with acute, severe mastitis in cattle.

streptococcus dysagalactiae

streptococcus dysagalactiae's Infection is much less frequent than S. agalactiae

true

streptococcus dysagalactiae produces ___________, an enzyme that plays a role in its virulence and spread.

hyaluronidase

this specie of streptococcus is a normal commensal of the skin, upper respiratory tract, tonsils, and lymphoid tissues of horses.

streptococcus zooepidemicus

true or false

streptococcus zooepidemicus is closely related to Streptococcus equi and Streptococcus equisimilis.

true

true or false

streptococcus zooepidemicus is present in the ff animals:

1. Horses:

Most common cause of wound infections.

Acts as a secondary invader in viral infections of the upper respiratory tract (URT) in foals and young horses.

2. Cows:

Can cause mastitis.

3. Lambs:

Associated with fibrinous pleuritis, pericarditis, and pneumonia.

true

this streptococcus species does not react to any Lancefield's grouping system (non-groupable). it also causes bovine mastitis that is acute but mild

streptococcus uberis

this streptococcus species is found in tonsillar tissues and draining lymph nodes and is closely related to Streptococcus zooepidemicus.

streptococcus equisimilis

streptococcus equisimilis is the most common cause of suppurative arthritis in pigs, leading to: (3)

lameness, swelling of joints, necrosis of joint surfaces

true or false

vaccination has been shown to stimulate protective immunity against infection of streptococcus equisimilis

true

this streptococcus species causes strangles (a severe purulent infection of the upper respiratory tract and draining lymph nodes in horses)

in the electron microscope view reveals an outer surface with a peach fuzz-like coating of protein.

streptococcus equi

true or false

streptococcus equi are long chains in exudates and fluid cultures and are sometimes present with definite capsular material.

true

s. equi in the electron microscope reveals an outer surface with a ___________ coating of protein.

peach fuzz-like coating of protein

s. equi have _______ appearance of colony

matt/mucoid

true or false

matt colonies have irregular surface folding, looking dried due to phage-controlled hyaluronidase action on the hyaluronic acid capsule.

true

s. equi produces produce R and M antigens. which of the two is antiphagocytic?

M protein

what are some symptoms of s. equi (6)

- High fever.

- Serous nasal discharge progressing to mucopurulent.

- Nasopharyngeal mucosa inflammation and development of small abscesses in lymphoid follicles of the soft palate.

- Abscess formation in the submandibular and retropharyngeal lymph nodes.

- Abscesses rupture within 1-2 weeks, with animals recovering quickly and completely after drainage of the purulent material.

- Bastard strangles: Formation of abscesses in the thorax and abdomen, with rupture leading to death.

what are some complications associated with s. equi

- Laryngeal hemiplegia.

- Guttural pouch empyema.

- Purpura hemorrhagica, potentially triggered by vaccination.

s. equi immunity develops after recovery from the first infection, but animals can contract the disease again.

true

methods of diagnosis for s. equi (3)

- RIA, ELISA.

- Mouse protection test.

- Gel diffusion precipitin test.

true or false

in s. equi avirulent, genetically modified vaccines may be used.

true

what are some of the other streptococcus species (6)

1. Streptococcus porcinus

2. Streptococcus suis

3. Streptococcus canis

4. Streptococcus equinus

5. Streptococcus lactis

6. Streptococcus bovis

what streptococcus species has the ff characteristic:

Disease: Causes cervical lymphadenitis (swollen lymph nodes in the neck).

Lancefield group: E.

Swine strangles: Associated with abscessation of mandibular, retropharyngeal, and parotid lymph nodes, leading to jowl abscesses.

Streptococcus porcinus

what streptococcus species has the ff characteristics:

Disease: Causes meningitis and septicemia in young pigs.

Lancefield group: D.

Zoonotic: Can be transmitted to humans, causing infections.

Streptococcus suis

what streptococcus species has the ff characteristics:

Found in the mucous membranes of dogs and cats.

Lancefield group: G.

Causes metritis (inflammation of the uterus) and vaginitis in bitches.

Streptococcus canis

what streptococcus species has the ff characteristics:

Abundant in the feces of horses.

Not known to be pathogenic.

Streptococcus equinus

what streptococcus species has the ff characteristics:

Non-pathogenic.

Omnipresent in milk and a common milk-souring organism.

Typically forms in short chains.

Streptococcus lactis

what streptococcus species has the ff characteristics:

Always present in the mouth and intestinal tract of cattle.

Streptococcus bovis