Unit 2 APHUG

Age cohort

A group of people born within a specific time frame who share common experiences and historical events that shape their attitudes, behaviors, and demographic characteristics.

Agricultural density

The number of farmers per unit of area of arable farmland

Anti-natalism

Encouraging couples to limit the number of children they have.

Arithmetic density (population density)

Number of people in a given unit of area

Asylum-seeker

Refugees who have left their home for a variety of reasons (ESPeN)

Baby Boomers

A generation of individuals born post-World War II, between 1946 and 1964)

Baby bust

A period of time during the 1960a and 1970s when fertility rates in the US dropped

Brain drain/gain

The net loss of human capital due to high-skilled individuals migrating from their home country.

Cairo plan

A UN endorsed strategy to stabilize global population at 7.27 billion by 2015 backing policies focused on giving women greater social and economic control of their lives, rather than limiting reproduction.

Carrying capacity

The number of people an area can sustein without critically straining its resource base

Center of population

The geographical point that represents the average location of a region's population.

Chain migration

Migrant flows from a common origin to the same destination. Family or friends move first and get established within an area, paving the way for more friends and family to follow.

Channelized migration

The flow between a particular origin and destination are larger than would normally be the case, but they are not the result of family ties as is the case with chain migration.

Chronic illness

Long-lasting, sometimes incurable illness, more common in highly developed countries as a result of higher life expectancy.

Climate

The long-term pattern of weather conditions—such as temperature, humidity, wind, and precipitation—that is characteristic of a particular region.

Cohort

A group of individuals who share a common, temporal demographic experience, typically people of a similiar age range, but can include other criteria such as time of marriage or time of graduation.

Contagious illness

An illness that can be contracted by a person or animal.

Cornucopian

A person or theorist who believes human ingenuity and technology can overcome resource limitations and environmental problems, leading to perpetual growth and prosperity.

Crude birth rate (CBR)

Number of live births in a single year for every 1,000 people in a population.

Crude death rate (CDR)

Number of deaths in a country per 1,000 people.

Demographic accounting equation

Predicts population change within a particular area as a function of natural increas/decrease and in/out migration.

Demographic momentum

Tendency of a population to continue to grow in spite of stringent population policies or rapid fertility decline beacuse of the large number of people in their childbearing years.

Demographic transition

Describes population growth stabilization as a function of economic development

Dependency ratio

A measure of the economic impact of younger and older cohorts on the economically productive members of population

Demographics

The statistical characteristics of human populations, such as age, gender, income, education, ethnicity, and migration patterns.

Diaspora

The dispersion of a people from their original homeland to other parts of the world, while they maintain a connection to their cultural heritage and homeland through shared memory, collective consciousness, and communication.

Doubling time

The amount of time it will take a particular population to double in size.

Ecumene

The proportion of the Earth's surface that is inhabited by humans

Epidemic

A regional outbreak of a disease

Elderly support ratio

A demographic measure that compares the number of individuals aged 65 and older (the elderly population) to the number of individuals of working age (typically 15–64 years old). It is calculated as: (Number of people 65+ / Number of people 15-64) x 100

Epidemiological transition

A metric used to assess a country's stage of development by comparing the burden of infectious diseases to the burden of chronic, non-communicable diseases (NCDs).

Forced migration

An individual migrates against his or her will.

Guest worker (time-contract worker)

Individuals who migrate temporarily to take advantage of job opportunities in other countries

Illegal migration

Involuntary but unforced migration

Infant mortality

Number of deaths during the first year of life per thousand live births

Internal migration

The movement of people within the borders of a single country.

Internally displace person (IDP)

People who havehad to leave their homes beacuse of conflict, human rights abuses, war, or environmental catastrophes, but do not leave their country to seek safety.

International migration

The movement of people across national borders with the intention of settling, whether permanently or temporarily, in a different country.

Interregional migration

The permanent movement of people from one region to another within the same country.

Intervening obstacle

Prevents migrants from getting their planned destination.

Intervening opportunity

A closer alternative supply source between a demand point and the original supply source

Intraregional migration

The permanent movement of people within the same country and the same region.

J-curve

Rapid, unchecked population growth in unlimited environments, typically followed by a dramatic collapse when resources become scarce.

Life expectancy (longevity rate)

Average number of years a person can be expected to live

Malthus, Thomas

Believed carrying capacity is limited to food availability, forecasting eventually food supplies cannot support an ever-increasing population.

Migration

Movement to a new activity space or movement from one administrative region to another

Migration selectivity

The characteristics that cause certain people to be more likely to migrate than others, leading to a systematic difference between migrants and non-migrants.

Mobility

The ability to move rom one place to another, either permanently or temporarily

Natural decrease

When deaths outnumber births

Natural disaster

A severe natural event that causes widespread disruption, significant losses of human life, material, economic, or environmental damage, and overwhelms a community's ability to cope with its own resources.

Natural Increase

When births outnumber deaths

Naturalization

The legal process by which a foreign-born person acquires citizenship in a new country.

Neo Malthusian

The belief population growth to be a problem and provide the foundation for many antinatalist population policies

Overpopulation

A judgement that an area does not have adequate resources to support the existing populations and has exceeded its carrying capacity.

Pandemic

A worldwide outbreak of a disease

Physiological density

Total population of a region divided by the amount of its arable land, which is land suitable for growing crops.

Place utility

The beenfits a place offers to pull people to that destination. Benefits might include good schools, a good climate, job opportunities, recreational opportunities, etc.

Population centroid of the US

The geographic center of the US, essentially the balancing point of the US population if the country is conceived of as a plane.

Population aging (“greying”)

The demographic trend where the proportion of older individuals (typically over 65) in a population increases. This phenomenon, often associated with falling birth rates and rising life expectancies, leads to a higher median age, a more top-heavy population pyramid, and significant social, economic, and healthcare challenges for affected countries.

Population geography

A focus on demographic rates except that population geographers investigate patterns from a spatial perspective, asking why patterns exist, where they exist, and the implications of current population patterns.

Population growth rate

Determined by the natural increase (birth rate minus death rate) expressed as a percentage

Population pyramid (age-sex pyramid)

A graphical tool that illustrates the age and sex distribution of a population, typically shown as two back-to-back bar graphs for males and females on a given population.

Pronatalism

Providing incentives for women to have children, usually seen in countries where the population is declining

Pull factor

Characteristics at a destination that draw a migrant to that place.

Push factor

Characteristics at an individual's current location that make him or her want to leave.

Ravenstein’s Laws

Describes voluntary migration patterns: Every migration flow generally generates a couterflow; most migrants move a short distance; migrants who move long distances tend to choose big city destinations; urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas; families are less likely to make international moves than young adults.

Redistricting

The process of redrawing electoral district boundaries to reflect population changes after a census. It is a critical component of political geography because it can significantly impact election outcomes and political representation.

Refugee

Individuals who cross national boundaries to seek safety and asylum.

Reluctant migration

An individual reluctantly chooses to move beacuse factors at the current location prohibit remaining

Replacement fertility

The average number of children a woman would need to have to replace herself in the population.

Rust belt

Large numbers of white middle class Americans moved from older northeastern and midwestern cities to the South and West in the 60s and 70s.

S-curve

A growth curve that shows how the adoption of a cultural innovation or a population's size grows slowly at first, then rapidly, and finally levels off as it approaches a maximum limit or carrying capacity.

Sex ratio

The number of males per 100 females in a population, calculated by dividing the number of males by the number of females and multiplying by 100.

Step migration

Migration in stages, typically as rural inhabitants move closer and closer to growning urban areas

Sun belt migration

Movement of the US population in the last several decades to the Sun Belt states occurs dramatically altering the balance of political and economic power as a large number of electoral votes and economic sectors shift to new areas of the country.

Total fertility rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years (age 15 to 49)

Transhumance

Pastoral practice of seasonal migration of livestock between mountains in summer and lowland pasture areas during the winter.

Undocumented migrant

An individual who resides in a country without the necessary legal authorization or documentation, often having entered without inspection or overstayed a valid visa.

Underpopulation

When areas or regions do not have enough people to fully exploit the local resource base.

Voluntary migration

When an individual chooses to move, typically bsaed on various push and pull factors

Zero-population growth

A demographic state where the population size remains constant, achieved when births + immigration equals deaths + emigration. A country reaches ZPG when its population change is zero, indicating a balance where the birth rate and death rate are in equilibrium, and net migration also balances out.