Language Arts Praxis 5007

The very beginning of word recognition includes _____________.

print awareness

When students have print awareness, they understand that ________________.

written words communicate a message

Print awareness

Refers to a child’s understanding of nature and uses of print.

Environmental print

The print of everyday life.

Print concepts

Understanding the difference between letters, words, punctuation, and directionality.

Six major areas of oral language:

-Phonology

-Vocabulary

-Morphology

-Grammar

-Pragmatics

-Discourse

Phonology

The organization of sounds in language.

Morphology

The study of the word parts and their meaning

Grammar

(Syntax) The structure of language and words.

Pragamatics

Social cues or norms in language (situations in language).

Discourse

Speaking and listening skills in language (dialogue).

Alphabetic Prinicple

The idea that letters and letter patterns represent sounds of spoken language.

Pre- Alphabetic Phase

Students read words by memorizing visual features or guessing words from context.

Partial-Alphabetic Phase

Students recognize some letters and can use them to remember words by sight.

Full-Alphabetic Phase

Readers possess extensive working knowledge of the graphophonemic system, and they use this knowledge to analyze the connections between graphemes and phonemes in words. They can decode unfamiliar words and store sight words in memory.

Consolidated-Alphabetic Phase

Students consolidate their knowledge of grapheme-phoneme blends into larger units that occur in different words.

Phonological Awareness

An overarching skill that includes identifying and manipulating units of oral language, including parts of words. syllables, onsets, and rimes.

Phonemic Awareness

Understanding the individual sounds (phonemes) in words (sounds only).

Phonics

Understanding letter-sound correspondence (phoneme-grapheme correspondence).

A teacher is using picture cards to help students recognize words. Students see the picture below and say, “Sun!” What phase of word recognition are the students in?

Pre-alphabetic

Why is it important for teachers to focus on students’ phonological awareness during emergent reading development?

Understanding how the smallest units in words function is necessary for spelling and reading development.

Six main levels of phonemic awareness:

• Phoneme Isolation

• Blending

• Segmentation

• Addition

• Deletion

• Substitution

Students will learn the __________ and __________ sounds before hey identify _________ sounds in words.

beginning, ending; medial

Simple phonemic awareness skills:

Phoneme isolation, Blending, Segmenting

Complex phonemic awareness skills:

Addition, Deletion, Substitution

Phonological Awareness Continuum

• Rhyme

• Alliteration

• Sentence segmentation

• Syllable segmentation

• Onset and rime blending and segmentation

• Phoneme manipulation

Simple phonological awareness skills:

Rhyme, Alliteration

Complex phonological awareness skills:

Sentence segmentation, Syllable segmentation, Onset and Rime blending and segmentation, Phoneme blending and manipulation

Phonological processing

When students use phonemes to process spoken and written language.

Decoding

Sounding out words while reading. The student uses phonics generalizations, letter sound correspondence, and phonological awareness.

Encoding

The process of hearing a word and spelling it based on sounds and phonics. Usually assessed with a spelling test.

Fluency

Moving through the text without having to stop and decode.

Comprehension

Reading fluently and understanding the text by forming pictures in the brain, predicting, and asking questions.

Closed syllable pattern

A syllable with a single vowel followed by one or more consonants (ex: cat, clock).

Open syllable pattern

A syllable that ends with a vowel (ex: go, fly).

Morphemes

The smallest unit of meaning in a word.

Etymology

The study of the origins of words and how they have changed over time.

Free Morphemes

Can stand alone because they mean something in and of themselves (ex: closely → close is free).

Bound Morphemes

Only have meaning when they are connected to another morpheme (ex: closely → ly is bound).

One of the only times memorizing is good practice is when increasing a students __________.

Automaticity

Cueing Systems

Allow students to use their background knowledge (schema) and apply that to understanding words.

Semantic cues

Refer to the meaning in language that assists in comprehending texts, including words, speech, signs, symbols, and other meaning-bearing forms.

Syntactic cues

Involve the structure of the word as in the rules and patterns of language.

Graphophonic cues

Involve the letter-sound or sound-symbol relationships of language. Readers identify unknown words by relating speech sounds to letters or letter patterns.

Fluency

The ability to read at an appropriate rate with accuracy and proper expression. Students can focus on meaning in text rather than decoding words.

Comprehension

The essence of reading. Students can form images in their head, predict what might happen next, and do not need to decode. They can read with fluency, prosody, and accuracy.

Autmaticity

Reading effortlessly and reading at a >95% accuracy.

Fluency consists of:

Prosody, Automaticity, Accuracy, and Rate

Prosody

Rhythm, intonation, and stress of reading.

A teacher encourages 2nd grade ELLs to take home a decodable passage and read it two times each night for five nights. The primary purpose of this strategy would be to increase ____________.

Automaticity

Five main verb forms

• simple or base form

• third person singular present (s form)

• past tense form

• -ing form

• past participle form

Pronoun antecedent agreement

The pronoun used in the sentence agrees with the antecedent (what follows the pronoun) in the sentence.

If the subject of your sentence is singular, you should use a _________ pronoun or change the subject to ________.

Singular, plural

Simple sentence

Consists of one independent clause.

Compound sentence

Consists of two independent clauses, connected with a comma and followed by a coordinating conjunction (FANBOY).

Complex sentene

Consists of a independent clause and a dependent clause, a comma is needed after the the dependent clause.

Compound complex sentence

Consists of at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.

Coordinating conjunctions

for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS)

• can alone separate an independent clause and a dependent clause

• comma + conjunction is needed when separating two independent clauses

Semicolons

Join two independent clauses that are related. An alternative to a period or a comma.

NEVER use before a coordinating conjunction.

Colons

Used to separate an independent clause and a list. Also can be used to separate an independent clause with one an independent or dependent clause that elaborates, restates, explains, or defines.

The progression of understanding vocabulary words:

Listening → speaking → reading → writing

Receptive vocabulary

Reading/listening

Expressive vocabulary

Speaking/writting

Deontative definition

Formal/literal definition of a word

Connotative definition

The idea or feeling a word invokes in addition to the literal or primary meaning.

Synonym or restatement context clues

These context clues restate the meaning of the word using a synonym.

Antonym or contrast context clues

These context clues state the opposite of the word in question.

Inference context clues

These context clues are subtle statements that drop hints to what the word means.

The best way to learn new vocabulary is in ___________________.

an authentic, real world manner with meaningful exposure

The best choice for questions about improving writing often include combining sentences to have proper ___________ and ___________.

Punctuation, conjunctions

Narrative text

Language us used to tell a personal story and how the narrator feels about it.

Expository text

The writer uses technical language to explain concepts and situations.

Persuasive/argumentative texts

The writer uses strong language to appeal to the reader.

Jigsaw

A cooperative learning activity in which each student (or groups) read and analyze a small piece of information that is a much larger piece. They then share what they learned with the class.

Chunking

A reading activity that involves breaking down a difficult text into manageable pieces.

Close reading

Involves the use of evidence based comprehension strategies embedded in teacher guided discussions that are planned around repeated readings of a text.

Reading response journals

A writing activity where students use journals to react to what they read by expressing how they feel and asking questions about the text.

Evidence based discussion

The teacher sets the expectation that students use evidence in the text to support the claims they make during discussion.

Reciprocal teaching

An instructional activity in which the students become the teacher in small group reading sessions.

SQ3R

Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review

What practice is considered the best practice for reading comprehension?

Close reading

Two crucial processes of analysis:

Metacognition and comprehension

Metacognition

Thinking about or being aware of the thought process. Most effective way to model is through a read aloud/think aloud strategy.

Reading comprehension skills include:

Questioning, predicting, summarizing

Strategies to teach understanding text:

• Activating prior knowledge

• Schema building

• Clarifying

• Generating questions

• Paraphrasing

• Analyzing

• Summarizing

What tool is effective for all learners? Especially for visual learners?

Graphic organizers

The term _____________ is a good word on any English language arts exam.

text variety

What would be most effective in helping kindergarten students read and understand text?

The teacher uses images to support information in text

A balanced literary program uses _________________________.

a combination of informational and literary texts

Ways teachers can help students write clearly and coherently:

• organization help

• listing transition words

• cooperative learning (student workshops)

• frameworks (sentence frames and other pre established formulas)

• rubrics

Ways to make student writing more appealing to the reader (writers craft):

• linking words (transition words)

• precise language

• figurative language

• temporal (time) words

• dialogue

• sentence variety

Stages of the writing process:

Pre-writing, drafting, peer review, revising, editing, rewriting, publishing

Teachers should help students discern what sources are ____________ and what sources might contain ___________________.

credible, bias or misinformation

What are the most credible sources for students to use when conducting research?

Peer-reviewed academic journals

If a student wants to evaluate the credibility of a source, what would be the most effective?

Evaluate the bibliography or references in the text.

Teachers must use a combination of what types of sources to help students evaluate information?

Primary and secondary sources.

What is a big part of active listening?

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