Western Civ - England post-Henry VIII

Edward VI

Henry VIII's only son, who took England in a more Protestant direction during his short reign

Mary Tudor

First daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, Catholic Queen of England from 1553 to 1558 who was married to Phillip II of spain nicknamed "bloody mary" due to the persecution of protestants

Elizabeth I

(1533-1603) Queen of England between 1558 and 1603. She was an absolute monarch and is considered to be one of the most successful rulers of all time. she desired religious freedom between the protestants and catholics.

Mary Queen of Scots

Catholic rival for the English throne; killed after plotting against Elizabeth. Also happened to be Queen Elizabeth's cousin.

Act of Uniformity

act of parliament that reasserted the book of common prayer with some catholic alterations as the chief book of the anglican church

Act of Supremacy

in 1559, this act made the king or queen the head of the church in england, not the pope. it was meant to make peace between the catholic and protestant church.

Phillip II of Spain

Spanish ruler who tried to make England Catholic by marrying Queen Elizabeth and sending the spanish armada; Queen elizabeth kept leading on this ruler and he also happened to have married her sister, Mary tudor (weird).

Spanish Armada

The great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588; defeated by the english's navy which puts england at having the strongest navy in the world.

Sea Dogs

English sea captains authorized to raid Spanish ships and towns/ english navy

Francis Drake

English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)

joint-stock company

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.

British East India Company

A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of english imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years.

catholics and their challenges on elizabeth's rule

several catholics desired to have a catholic leader, assassination attempts, religious rebellions, foreign support with spain, and the threat of mary queen of the scots

puritans and their challenges on elizabeth's rule

calls for reform, political tensions, and resistance to authority of queen elizabeths acts,

Elizabethan Age

The period of the rule of Queen Elizabeth I in England, from 1558 to 1603. many describing the time period the golden age because of the blooming arts, exploration and expansion, economic growth, and scientific advancements

marriage and heirs

this important role was significant because the fact that elizabeth chose to stay away from either of these because she noticed them as threats to her rule, earning her the famous nickname "the virgin queen".

divine right of kings

the belief that the authority of kings comes directly from God

James I

(1603-1625) Stuart monarch who ignored constitutional principles and asserted the divine right of kings.

James I v.s. parliament

he believed in absolute monarch, he was greedy for money, religious tension such as complete religous union which made many catholics and puritans angry.

charles I

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which Charles was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649

charles I vs parliament

Charles wants to raise an army to fight Scottish rebels. Parliament says no and is dissolved. Called again the next yea(Long Parliament) and passes Triennial Act where they can't be dissolved without their own consent. War between Parliament and king begins.

Petition of Right

Document prepared by Parliament and signed by King Charles I of England in 1628; challenged the idea of the divine right of kings and declared that even the monarch was subject to the laws of the land gave him a lot of $$$

english civil war (causes and results)

Causes: Charles I of England believed in divine right and tried to rule without Parliament. Parliament wanted more power, control over taxes, and disagreed with his religious policies.

Results: War between Royalists (king) and Parliament. Parliament, led by Oliver Cromwell, won. Charles I was executed in 1649, and England became a republic (Commonwealth).

Oliver Cromwell

English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army (roundheads) in the English Civil War (1599-1658)

Cavaliers

In the English Civil War (1642-1647), these were the troops loyal to Charles II. Their opponents were the Roundheads, loyal to Parliament and Oliver Cromwell.

Roundheads

supporters of the Parliament in the English Civil War, loyal to the parliament and oliver cromwell, ends up beating the cavaliers

New Model Army

The disciplined fighting force of Protestants led by Oliver Cromwell in the English civil war.

"Lord Protector"

Cromwell disbanded parliament and took this title when parliament moved to quit funding the New Model Army

Restoration

the period of Charles II's rule over England, after the collapse of Oliver Cromwell's government, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism

Charles II

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism

Merry Monarch

nickname of Charles II who came to rule after being exiled; had a very active social life; had limited monarchy; revoked puritan restrictions; popular; thought to be a secrete catholic

Habeas Corpus Act

1679 Parliamentary measure protecting people from arbitrary arrest and unfair imprisonment. According to this, an arrested individual must be seized with a specific charge and brought before a judge. cant be arrested twice for the same thing

James II

This was the Catholic king of England after Charles II that granted everyone religious freedom and even appointed Roman Catholics to positions in the army and government

the glorious revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

William and Mary

King and Queen of England in 1688. With them, King James' Catholic reign ended. As they were Protestant, the Puritans were pleased because only protestants could be office-holders.

English Bill of Rights

King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people.

Constitutional Monarchy

A King or Queen is the official head of state but power is limited by a constitution or live document.

Absolute Monarchy

A system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary position and the king or queen has almost complete power