History Final

Roman Empire, Renaissance, Reformation and Enlightenment

Roman Empire

Ancient civilization centered in Rome that ruled vast territories

Pax Romana

200-year period of peace and stability in Rome

Julius Caesar

Roman general who helped end the Republic

Augustus

First Roman emperor who began the Empire

Senate

Governing body of aristocrats in Rome

Legion

Unit of Roman soldiers

Aqueduct

Structure that carried water into cities

Twelve Tables

Rome’s first written laws

Fall of Rome

Collapse of Western Empire in 476 AD

Constantine

Emperor who legalized Christianity

Renaissance

Period of cultural rebirth in Europe

Humanism

Focus on human potential and achievements

Leonardo da Vinci

Renaissance artist and inventor

Michelangelo

Renaissance sculptor and painter

William Shakespeare

Famous English playwright

Printing Press

Machine that made books faster to produce

Johannes Gutenberg

Invented the printing press

Patron

Wealthy supporter of the arts

Perspective

Art technique used to show depth

Secular

Non-religious focus

Reformation

Movement to reform the Catholic Church

Martin Luther

Monk who challenged Church practices

95 Theses

List of Luther’s criticisms of the Church

Indulgence

Payment to reduce punishment for sins

Protestant

Christian who broke from Catholic Church

John Calvin

Believed in predestination

Predestination

Belief that God determines salvation beforehand

Henry VIII

King who created Church of England

Anglican Church

Church established in England

Counter-Reformation

Catholic response to Protestantism

Council of Trent

Meeting to reform the Catholic Church

Enlightenment

Movement emphasizing reason and science

John Locke

Believed in natural rights

Natural Rights

Rights to life, liberty, and property

Thomas Hobbes

Believed in strong central government

Social Contract

Agreement between people and government

Voltaire

Supported freedom of speech and religion

Montesquieu

Developed separation of powers

Separation of Powers

Division of government authority

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Believed power comes from the people

Popular Sovereignty

Government power comes from the people

Mary Wollstonecraft

Argued for women's equality