Biology 240W Final

Archaeplastids

Land plants belong to which eukaryotic supergroup

which organism is the most likely recent common ancestor of all plant species?

Green Algae

Which macromolecule is a common constituent of the cells of all land plants?

cellulose

Which plant group has its life cycle dominated by the gametophytic (haploid) generation?

Bryophytes

"Which group of plants bears a ""naked seed""?"

gymnosperms

All plants exhibit an alternation of generations, thought the time they spend in each stage and structures can vary. For all of them though, what is the product of the gametophytic generation?

Egg and sperm (the gametes)

which of the following plants will not develop seeds?

Ferns

Which of the following is true about seeds?

All of the above

Which of the following characteristics about animals is FALSE?

Animals cannot respond to stimuli

Which of the following DO NOT develop true vascular tissues?

Mosses

Which of the following traits do angiosperms contain?

All of the above

What are the dominant generations of gymnosperms and angiosperms

Both in the sporophyte stage

Which organism is the most likely recent common ancestor of all animal species?

Choanoflagellates

Which animal phylum has an asymmetrical body plan?

Porifera

Sponges are believed to have arisen from the choanoflagellates because they possess...

Collar cells

Which structure do numerous mollusks use to scrape algae off of rocks?

Radula

Most mollusks are...

Marine

Which features do all mollusks possess?

All of the above

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of a monocot leaf?

parallel venation

What cells/tissues are responsible for milk production?

Glandular Tissue

Which of the following are typically short, highly branched processes specialized to receive stimuli and send signals to the nerve cell body?

Dendrites

The myelin sheath:

is a fatty covering only around axons.

The function of the sodium-potassium pump is to actively move:

sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell.

Which of the following is a characteristic of the all-or-none response?

A neuron will only produce an action potential if it has been depolarized to its threshold level.

What event triggers the release of neurotransmitters?

Calcium induces the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane.

An excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP):

results in partial depolarization of the neuron.

What is/are the characteristic(s) of EPSPs and IPSPs?

EPSPs and IPSPs are graded potentials.

Spatial summation is characterized by:

several presynaptic neurons releasing neurotransmitters simultaneously.

Glial cells that form myelinated sheaths around cells in the CNS are referred to as...

oligodendrocytes

The resting potential of a neuron is approximately...

-70 mV

All of the following are true about deoplarization

an action potential is generated when threshold is reached, voltage-activated channels faciliate the passive movement of Na+ and K+, Na+ moves back into the cell when the gates open, K+ moves out of the cell when the gates open

What is the threshold level in neurons?

-55 mV

A solution where concentration of solutes is greater outside of the cells than inside of the cells may be referred to as...

hypertonic

In a hypotonic solution...

there is a net movement of water into the cells

The principle metabolic wastes products DO NOT include: CO2, water, nitrogenous wastes, or hydrogenated products

hydrogenated products

The first nitrogenous waste product produced by most vertebrates is typically

ammonia

Marine invertebrates tend to maintain ____ osmolarity with their surroundings.

isotonic

Most water lost in terrestrial animals occurs in the form of...

evaporation

Mammals tend to excrete the nitrogenous product...

urea

Which nitrogenous product results in the least water lost, but is the most metabolically expensive to produce?

uric acid

Deamination is a process that removes

the amino group from amino acids.

Osmoconformers would most likely be found in

open ocean waters.

The renal medulla contains the...

renal pyramids.

The ureters connect the

kidney to the bladder.

Which portion of the renal tubule empties directly into the collecting duct?

Distal convoluted tubule

____ directly reabsorb substances from the nephron

Peritubular capillaries

Podocytes are located in the wall of

the Bowman's capsule

Filtration occurs in the ____ of the nephron.

glomerulus

The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is more permeable to ____ than to _____.

salt; water

Secretion occurs mainly in the

distal convoluted tubule

Which of the following sets up a concentration gradient that allows the kidney to regulate the reabsorption of water?

Loop of Henle

Which of the following is/are forms of asexual reproduction?

budding

Which of the following is not true about sexual reproduction? it creates high genetic diversity in the offspring, it creates many genetically identical offspring, organisms must find a mate or resort to self fertilization if they are hermaphrodites to complete their life cycle, it is suitable to highly variable environments where conditions can change rapidly

it creates many genetically identical offspring is FALSE

Correctly describe the formation of a new zygote

(1n) sperm + (1n) egg = (2n) zygote

Which process results in the formation of gametes?

meiosis

Where does spermatogensis occur?

seminiferous tubules

Where do sperm cells mature, and are stored?

epididymis

What is the primary hormone driving male development?

testosterone

Where does oogenesis occur?

ovaries

What are the products of oogenesis?

one egg and three polar bodies

Fertilization occurs in the _____, and the zygote implants in the ____ shortly after.

oviducts, uterus

Which of the following is/are true regarding the menstrual cycle?

gonadotrophic hormones LH and FSH peak around the time of ovulationthe ovarian hormone estrogen peaks near ovulation, but progesterone levels are suppressedthe endometrium thickens as ovulation occurs, and degrades and is released as menses if there is no fertilizationbehavioral and pheremone changes make males more receptive to females during ovulationall of the above are true All of the above

Which is not true about the estrous cycle? if no fertilization occurs, the endometrium degrades and is released as mensesif no fertilization occurs, the endometrium degrades and is reabosorbed by the uterusfemales in the estrous cycle are only receptive to males during the estrous phasethe estrous cycle may only occur during specific seasons of the year, not necessarily year-round

if no fertilization occurs, the endometrium degrades and is released as menses

What happens when the membrane potential of a neuron reaches the threshold level?

The sodium channel protein changes its shape to open the gates of the channel

Saltatory conduction:

speeds transmission as depolarization occurs only in unmyelinated regions

What axonal characteristic facilitates the propagation of an action potential along a myelinated axon?

Voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels are concentrated in the unmyelinated axonal segments.

From an evolutionary perspective, true nerve cells are first seen in the phylum, which allows them to respond to external stimuli via touch:

Cnidaria

The phylum Platyhelminthes are ___, which possess ___ symmetry: Pseudocoelomates; bilateralPseudocoelomates; radialAcoelomates; bilateralAcoelomates; radial

Acoelomates; bilateral.

Which is a characteristic of all annelids?

Segmented Bodies

When can we definitilvely say that the gametophytic generation ends and the sporophytic generation begins?

Fertilization of the egg by the sperm

Arthropods support their bodies with which adaptation?

Hard exoskeleton

which of the following is false about arthropods?

Arthropods have six legs

The most unique feature of echinoderms is their...

water vascular system

In deuterostomes, the blastopore develops into the...

anus

Which characteristics best describe vertebrates?

both A and D best describe vertebrates

Which traits occur in some point of the life cycle of the chordates?

All of the above

The amphibians, and all other terrestrial vertebrates are believed to have arisen from ancestral:

Lungfish

The tetrapods include.... (examples)

amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals

In which group did the amniotic egg first evolve?

reptiles.

All mammals: have nipplesgive birth to live younghave three-chambered heartshave mammary glandsall of the above

have mammary glands

The cell walls of fungi contain the polysaccharide...

chitin

The cells of the body of a multicellular fungus are organized into rapidly growing individual tubular filaments called...

hyphae

In a fungus, a complex multicellular reproductive structure is called a...

fruiting body

Ascomycetes reproduce sexually by forming ____

ascospores

Which statement about mycorrhizae is FALSE?

Arbuscular mycorrhizae are extracellular is false

Fungi are a member of the eukaryotic supergroup ___, which also contains the animals

unikonts

A lichen is a symbiotic relationship between __ and __.

algae and fungus

what is humus?

The decaying organic matter of topsoil.

There are four major components of soil listed below, but one of them has the incorrect percentage of general soil composition. Which one is incorrect? Mineral content =45%Water content = 25%Air and gases = 5%Organic matter = 5%

Air and gases is incorrect, it should be 25%

Which of the following soil particles has the largest particle size? sandsiltclayloam

Sand

Which pH leads to the best cation exchange for most plants?

pH 6 to 7

Describe cation exchange in plants

Plants pump out H+ into soil, freeing other cations from soil particles to diffuse into the root hairs

Which of the following factors lead to reduced soil fertility? Acid rainExtensive topsoil erosionLeaching of nutrients and mineralsSalinization of soils in arid locationsAll of the above

All of the above

A __ fruit develops from a single ovary

a simple fruit

What is the primary role of the nodules?

The primary role of root nodules is nitrogen fixation.

This innate immune response in plants causes the local tissues to die, slowing the spread of bacteria and viruses

Hypersensitive response

This gaseous plant hormone helps accelerate fruit ripening

ethylene

What is a circadian rhythm?

an alternation in the metabolic cycle netween different states within a 24 hour cycle

Which of the following is true about seeds? They contain an embryo and endosperm, They are more robust than spores, a seed coat protects them, They can survive at very low water content, or All of the above

All of the above

This plant hormone plays a major role in cell elongation, apical dominance and fruit development

auxin