APUSH Unit 8

What was the impact of the Bolshevik revolution in America?

• Russia became a communist country

• terrified Americans

• viewed Soviets as a threat

Satellite States

nations in Eastern Europe that were under the control of the Soviets

• Soviets held rigged elections to guarantee control

• used as a buffer to protect themselves from Western invasion

Iron Curtain

A speech made by Winston Churchill that talked about the separation between Eastern and Western Europe

Truman Doctrine

• policy of containment

• tried to prevent the expansion of communism without war

• gave money to Turkey and Greece to prevent a communist uprising

Marshall Plan

Aid given to countries of mainly Western Europe to help them rebuild after the war

What were the effects of the Marshall Plan?

• helped Western Europe achieve growth

• bolstered US prosperity by increasing exports to Europe

• depended the rift between Eastern and Western Europe

Berlin airlift

• Soviets cut off land access to Berlin

• US planes flew over and dropped supplies

• Berlin became divided between the allies and the Soviets

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

A military defense pact with Western Europe to defend themselves against Communism

Warsaw pact

A defense pact between the Soviets and Eastern Europe

• made in response to NATO

National Security Act

• US modernized its military capability and centralized the dept. of defense

• created the National Security Council and the CIA

What caused the Korean War?

• North Korea (communist) invaded South Korea

• UN troops were sent to help South Korea

• Truman attacked for his containment policy of limited war (too soft on Communism)

• Truman concerned that the Soviets and China might have encouraged the invasion

Political Consequences of the Korean War?

• The containment policy worked because it stopped Communist aggression without it developing into a full war

• used as a justification for expanding the military and stationing more US troops overseas

• democrats attacked as soft on Communism —> Eisenhower (rep) elected

Dulles Diplomacy

Eisenhower’s Secretary of State who wanted to challenged the USSR and China

• brinkmanship (going to the brink of war)

• Eisenhower stopped these ideas from going too extreme

Massive Retaliation Policy

• Eisenhower’s policy

• advocated relying more on nuclear weapons rather than conventional military forces in the case of an attack

• ensured that the US maintained a strong second-strike capability

Spirit of Geneva

• first thaw in the Cold War

• desire for improved relations after Stalin’s death

Nikita Khrushchev

• the leader after Stalin

• advocated a peaceful co-existence with the US

U-2 Incident

A US spy plane found over the Soviet Union

• further ended the thaw in relations

What was Eisenhower’s legacy as president?

• checked Communist aggression

• keeping the peace without the loss of American lives

• started the process of relaxing cold war tensions

• initiated the first arms limitations

Military Industrial Complex

Referenced in Eisenhower’s farewell address when he warned against it’s potential influence on democracy

• fueled an arms race during the Cold war leading to significant technological advancements but also costs

• relationship between the military, gov, defense contractors can lead to increased defense budgets at the expense of social programs

Battle of Pigs Invasion

A plan to use Cuban exiles to overthrow Castro that failed

Cuban Missile Crisis

• most dangerous moment in Soviet-US relations (closest to a brink of war)

• Soviets planned to build Missile sites in Cuba but the US found out and JFK set up a blockade of Cuba

• Soviets missiles were removed from Cuba and US missiles removed from Turkey

Impact of the Cuban Missile Crisis?

• Set up communication between US and Soviets so they could talk directly during a crisis

• Nuclear Test Ban treaty (end the testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere)

Lyndon B Johnson (LBJ)

He became president after JFK got assassinated

• emphasized reforms that furthered the New Deal (The Great Society)

• less interested in foreign policy

Nixon’s detente Diplomacy

A deliberate reductions of Cold War tensions

• tried to enhance world peace

Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT I)

• froze the number of ballistic missiles carrying nuclear warheads

• step towards bringing about detente

Loyalty Review Board/ the loyalty order

Set up to investigate the background of millions of federal employees (Red Scare)

• under Truman

Dennis et Al v. US

• upheld the constitutionality of the Smith Act

• made it illegal to advocate the overthrow of the gov by force or belong to an organization with this objective

McCarran Internal Security Act (1950)

Made it illegal to advocate the establishment of a totalitarian gov

• restricted the employment and travel of member of Communist parties

• authorized creation of detention camps for subversives

Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

Investigated gov officials along with Hollywood Stars

• some suspected communists were black listed (no one would hire them)

The Rosenburg case

• Julius and Ethel Rosenburg were suspected of being Soviet spies

• found guilty of treason and executed

• many civil rights groups felt that anti-Communist hysteria was responsible for their executions

Harry Truman

• he became president after FDR

• tried to continue New Deal policies but faced conservative opposition

• a democrat but enacted liberal domestic reforms

Employment Act of 1946

created the Council of Economic Advisers to advise the President on means of promoting national economic welfare

GI Bill/ Servicemen’s Readjustment Act

• helped support the transition of veterans after the war

• helped them attend college and highschool

• received federal loans to buy homes and farms

• helped to stimulate the postwar economy

• helped far more white veterans than black

Levittown

Known as the first suburb

• made up of mainly white middle class families moving out of cities

• African American not allowed to buy houses there

22th amendment

• limits the presidential terms to two

• reaction against FDR being president four times

Taft-Harley Act (1947)

• required workers to join a Union before being hired

• outlawed the practice of several unions supporting a striking Union by joining a boycott

• gives the president a cooling off period before a strike can be called

• pro-business (rep, to check the power of the unions)

The Fair Deal

• Truman’s campaign

• goals were health insurance, aid to education, civil rights, public housing

• trying to maintain the policies of the New Deal

Department of Health, education, and welfare (HEW)

• under Eisenhower

• minimum wage was raised, public housing built

Highway Act

Authorized the construction of thousands of interstate highways

• main goal was to improve national defense (facilitating movement of troops and weapons)

New Frontier

Called for aid to education, federal support of health care, urban renewal, civil rights

• JFK’s campaign

• few became law, most passed under LBJ

What was the economy like in the 1970’s?

• high inflation, high interest rates, and high unemployment (stagflation)

• due to less expensive and higher quality foreign products that rivaled America’s (finally recovered from war/modernized)

• new tech required less workers

What was American culture like in the 1950s?

• all about consensus and conformity

• safer for American worried about communism

• impacted by a consumer driven mass economy (TV)

What were women’s roles after WWII?

• more married women entering the workforce

• traditional roles of women emphasized in media and in books (Book and Child Care by Benjamin Spock)

Beatniks

• group of rebellious writers and intellectuals of the 50s

• promoted drugs and spontaneity

• models for the youth rebellion of the 60s

Warren Commission

A commission set up to investigate the death of JFK

• concluded that Oswald acted alone

What was Truman’s stance on civil rights?

Even though he was a southern Democrat he challenged racial discrimination

• established the Committee on Civil Rights

• ended discrimination in the military

Brown v. Board of Education

ruled that segregation in schools was unconstitutional because “separate facilities are inherently unequal”

• met with heavy resistance in the south (ex. Little Rock School)

Montgomery Bus Boycott impact

resulted in the supreme court that segregation on federal buses was unconstitutional

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

Organized ministers and churches to help the civil rights movement

• leader was MLK

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

• promoted voting rights and end to segregation

• used sit-ins to integrate facilities

• progress was slow

What was Eisenhower’s stance on civil rights?

• not as liberal as Truman

• provided for the Civil Rights commission

Covert Action

• US foreign policy under Eisenhower

• using undercover intervention in international politics (CIA) to help overthrow mainly communist govs

• ex. helped overthrow the gov. in Iran —> Shah took over

Eisenhower Doctrine

pledged economic and military aid to any Middle Eastern country threatened by Communism

Oil shortages of 1973

• caused by the alliance between US and Israel

• limited amount of oil and expensive prices

• consumers switched to more fuel efficient Japanese cars which further hurt the US economy

Camp David Accords

• Jimmy Carter’s greatest achievement as president

• arranged a peace settlement between Egypt and Israel

• Egypt recognized the nation of Israel and Israel removed its troops from Egypt

Why was there anti-American sentiment in Iran?

• US helped overthrow the countries democratically elected leader in exchange for the dictatorial of the shah

• the Shah’s plans for westernization were very unpopular

Iranian Revolution

• Islamic fundamentalist overthrew the shah

• Ayatollah Khomeini (Islamic fundamentalist) took his place

• led to a second oil shortages of 1979

Iran Hostage Crisis

• US allowed the shah to get medical treatment in the US —> Iranian militants seized the US embassy and held staff members hostage

• Carter unsuccessfully attempted to free them

• freed when Reagan is inaugurated

peace corps

• one of JFK’s policies

• recruits volunteers to aid developing countries

Alliance of progress

• an attempt to help relations between US and Latin America (tense after the US supported pro-US dictators)

• tried to help Latin American countries overcome poverty

Human Rights Diplomacy

• foreign policy under Jimmy Carter

• championed human rights around the world

• ex. ratified a treaty that would transfer control and operation of the canal to Panama

Tonkin Gulf Resolution

• North Vietnamese gunboats fired on US warships

• gave LBJ to have the power to use whatever means necessary to protect US interests in Vietnam

• LBJ used this to send US forces into combat (not technically declaring war)

What were some of the reasons why American’s opposed the Vietnam war?

• the costs in lives and money

• thought the money used in the war would be better spent domestically

• biggest group of anti-war people were college students

Tet Offensive

• an attack on South Vietnam by the Vietcong

• a turning point because of the impact it had on American citizens regarding the war (against it)

• demoralized the American public (the “unwinnable” war)

Election of 1968

Nixon (Rep) v. Hubert Humphrey (Dem) v. George Wallace

• many votes for the conservative candidates

• shows the tide was turning against New Deal Liberalism in favor of conservatism

Vietnamization

• process started by Nixon

• US troops would be gradually withdrawn but South Vietnam would be given the money and training to take over full conduct of the war

Nixon Doctrine

Asian allies would receive US support without the excess use of US ground forces

Kent State shootings

• a big anti-war protest that turned violent

• in reaction to Nixon suddenly escalating the war after a period of de-escalation

My Lai massacre

• massacre of women and children by US troops in Vietnam

• further fueled anti-war sentiment

Pentagon Papers

• papers describing US involvement in Vietnam were leaked

• showed how the gov was misleading the public about the actual nature of US involvement in the war

• further fueled anti-war and gov sentiment

Paris Accords

• promised an end to the war and free elections

• allowed the US to remove themselves from the war

War Powers Act

• requires and future president to report to Congress within 48 hours of taking military action

• Congress would have to approve any military action lasting over 60 days

The Great Society

• LBJ’s campaign plan

• wanted to expand the social reforms of the New Deal

• declared a war on poverty

Election of 1964

Johnson (Dem) v. Barry Goldwater (Rep) (very conservative)

• Johnson won in a landslide

• dem. controlled both houses —> allowing economic and social reforms to pass

Food Stamp Act

• expanded the federal program to help poor people buy food

national Foundation on the Arts and Humanities

provided federal funding for the arts and for creative projects

Medicare and Medicaid

medicare- provides health insurance for the elderly

medicaid- provides funds to pay for medical care for the poor and disabled

Elementary and Secondary Education Act

provided federal funds to poor school districts for special education programs

Higher Education Act

federal scholarships for post secondary education

Immigration Act

abolished discriminatory quotas based on national origins

Child Nutrition Act

Added breakfast to the school lunch program

Silent Spring

• book written by Rachael Carson

• exposed the harmful use of pesticides

• start of the New environmental movement

Letter from Birmingham Jail

• letter written by MLK after he was jailed unjustly

• a milestone in the civil rights movement

• motivated JFK to support a tougher civil rights bill

march on Washington 1963

• thousands marched on Washington in support of jobs and a civil rights bill

• I have a dream speech

Civil Rights Act of 1964

made segregation illegal in all public facilities

• gave the gov more power to enforce school desegregation

• set up the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ended discrimination in employment on the basis of race, religion, sex, or national origin

24th amendment

abolished the practice of poll taxes

March on Montgomery

• a peaceful march for voting rights ended in violence known as bloody Sunday

• TV had a huge impact in recording the violence that took place at the hands of police

• turning point for civil rights movement that led to the voting rights act

Voting Rights Act 1965

• ended literacy tests

• provided federal registrars where African Americans were kept from voting (deep South)

Malcom X

advocated black violence to counter white violence

• criticized King for being subservient to whites

Black Panthers

• a black militant group

• advocated self-rule for American blacks

Race riots

• a serious of race riots broke out all over the country

• whites suspected black extremists were behind all the violence —> Kerner Commission

Kerner Commission

• a federal investigation of the race riots

• concluded that racism and segregation were responsible

Equal Pay Act

• this act along with the Civil Rights Act of 1964 banned discrimination in employment and compensation

• poorly enforced

Title IX

• ended discrimination in schools that received federal funding

• provided girls with equal athletic opportunities

United Farm Workers Association

• led by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta

• tried to stop Latin American farm workers from being exploited

• gained collective bargaining rights in 1975

American Indian Movement (AIM)

• trying to resist the loss of cultural identity through assimilation (Eisenhower administration tried to make American Indians leave reservations and move to the city)

• took over Alcatraz in protest

Indian Self-Determination Act of 1975

gave reservations greater control over internal programs, education, and law enforcement

• attacked poverty and unemployment on reservations

Stonewall Inn Riot

• gay bar in NYC

• a police riot sparked a riot and the Gay Rights movement

• homosexuality was no longer classified as in illness and no longer any employment ban

• “dont ask, don’t tell” policy in the military

Earl Warren

• chief justice appointed by Eisenhower

• made extremely important decisions on civil rights

Mapp v. Ohio

evidence seized illegally can’t be used against the accused in court