Benchmark Exam Posttest - Winfred Arthur - PBSI 302 (spring 2024)

Compared to other methods of acquiring knowledge, what makes the scientific method superior?

a. generalization

b. sample size

c. control

c. control

All experiments are studies but not all studies are experiments.

TRUE

or

FALSE

TRUE

A researcher is interested in investigating whether taking notes on a laptop causes students to master (i.e., learn) course material better than taking notes by longhand. All things being equal, which of the following research designs will permit this researcher to examine this causal relationship?

a. an experimental design

b. a correlational design

c. a survey design

a. an experimental design

Which of the following is the PRIMARY distinction between true experiments and quasi-experimental designs?

a. random selection

b. reliability

c. random assignment

c. random assignment

By definition, correlational research (or a correlational study design):

a. is always determined by computing a correlation between two continuous variables

b. reveals a cause-effect relationship between variables

c. does not manipulate the independent variable

c. does not manipulate the independent variable

Random assignment is to ___ validity; as random sampling is to ___ validity.

a. internal; external

b. statistical-conclusion; construct

c. internal; construct

a. internal; external

Consider the following research title - "Wishful seeing: How preferences shape visual perception". In this study the independent variable is:

a. preferences

b. shapes

c. visual perception

a. preferences

A study on the psychology of color seeks to investigate the relationship between the color of test booklets and performance on the test. Research participants are randomly assigned to take either a verbal or math test printed on either red or blue paper. The table below shows the percentage of items correctly answered.

_______ Verbal Math

Red test booklet 80% 50%

Blue test booklet 80% 80%

Assuming the analyses reveals statistically significant findings, which of the following would be a sound policy implication arising from these results?

a. students should be given more time to complete math tests since they appear to be more difficult than verbal tests

b. the use of red test booklets for math tests is probably not a good idea

c. one should not use red test booklets

b. the use of red test booklets for math tests si probably not a good idea

The design in Question 8 is best described as a/n ___ design.

a. observational

b. factorial

c. quasi-experimental

b. factorial

In general, probability samples are preferred over non-probability samples because they are:

a. typically easier to obtain

b. more likely to be representative of the population

c. less expensive and time-consuming

b. more likely to be representative of the population

A research study seeks to investigate the relationship between the year in which a person was born and their proficiency in programming smartphones. The sample consists of four groups of people born in 1955, 1970, 1985, and 2000, and data on the percentage of each group that can successfully program a smartphone is collected in 2010. This design is best described as:

a. time-lag

b. cross-sectional

c. longitudinal

b. cross-sectional

A researcher finds 10 studies that report a positive correlation between cell phone addiction and distracted driving, 5 studies that report no relationship, and 3 studies that report a negative relationship. How might this researcher resolve this inconsistency?

a. conduct a cross-sectional study

b. conduct a meta-analysis

c. conduct a longitudinal study

b. conduct a meta-analysis

Which of the following forms of reliability best estimates the temporal stability/consistency in test scores?

a. parallel forms

b. test-retest

c. internal consistency

b. test-retest

Which of the following increases as the amount of measurement error decreases?

a. reliability

b. ecological validity

c. face validity

a. reliability

The use of convenient/convenience samples poses potential threats to the ___ validity of research studies.

a. external

b. statistical conclusion

c. internal

a. external

Which of the following statements about reliability is true?

a. validity sets the upper bound of reliability

b. reliability is necessary and sufficient for test evaluation

c. one can have reliability without validity

c. one can have reliability without validity

Practice effects are a particularly potent threat to ___ designs.

a. cross-sectional

b. time-lag

c. longitudinal

c. longitudinal

In a factorial design that has two independent variables (aka factors), there is an interaction if:

a. there is no effect for either Independent Variable A or Independent Variable B

b. the effect of Independent Variable A depends on the level of Independent Variable B

c. the effect of Independent Variable A depends on whether there is a main effect for Independent Variable B

b. the effect of Independent Variable A depends on the level of Independent Variable B

In order to use deception (i.e., deceive participants), the researcher needs to obtain approval from her/his:

a. college dean

b. university's IRB

c. department head/chair

b. university's IRB

The following as a reference from the reference section of a research article: Lin, C., Adolphs, R., & Alvarez, R. M. (2018). Inferring whether officials are corruptible from looking at their faces. Psychological Science, 29(11), 1807 - 1823. What is wrong with this reference?

a. it is missing the authors' middle initials

b. the title of the paper should not be italicized

c. the journal name, volume number, and page numbers should be italicized

b. the title of the paper should not be italicized

Terri hypothesized that the number of hours studied for an exam would predict exam scores. She collected data on the number of hours studied and students' performance on the exam. After analyzing her data, she obtained a correlation of .84, p < .01, between the number of hours studied and exam scores. Based on these findings, Terri concludes that studying longer causes one to obtain higher exam scores. Is this conclusion supported by her design and data?

a. not enough information is provided to answer this question

b. NO

c. YES

b. NO

Which of the following is an example of a ratio level of measurement?

a. sex (male vs. female)

b. rank (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.)

c. height (in inches)

c. height (in inches)

The over-reliance on WEIRD samples in psychology threatens ___ validity?

a. construct

b. internal

c. external

c. external

In a research study with a pretest and a posttest, the pretest is a measure of the ___ variable.

a. extraneous

b. independent

c. dependent

c. dependent

Dr. Nijhar ran an experiment to investigate the effects of packaging color on consumer preference for the pudding in the package. Each participant in the experiment tasted in the same pudding from three differently colored containers and was asked to rate how much they liked each one. Dr. Nijhar used a ___ design.

a. mixed-subjects

b. within-subjects

c. between-subjects

b. within-subjects